Abstract
Human 3 beta-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase deficiency (3b-HSD) is a very rare form of congenital adrenal hyperplasia resulting from HSD3B2 gene mutations. The estimated prevalence is less than 1/1,000,000 at birth. It leads to steroidogenesis impairment in both adrenals and gonads. Few data are available concerning adult testicular function in such patients. We had the opportunity to study gonadal axis and testicular function in a 46,XY adult patient, carrying a HSD3B2 mutation. He presented at birth a neonatal salt-wasting syndrome. He had a micropenis, a perineal hypospadias and two intrascrotal testes. HSD3B2 gene sequencing revealed a 687del27 homozygous mutation. The patient achieved normal puberty at the age of 15 years. Transition from the paediatric department occurred at the age of 19 years. His hormonal profile under hydrocortisone and fludrocortisone treatments revealed normal serum levels of 17OH-pregnenolone, as well as SDHEA, ACTH, total testosterone, inhibin B and AMH. Pelvic ultrasound identified two scrotal testes of 21 mL each, without any testicular adrenal rest tumours. His adult spermatic characteristics were normal, according to WHO 2010 criteria, with a sperm concentration of 57.6 million/mL (N > 15), 21% of typical forms (N > 4%). Sperm vitality was subnormal (41%; N > 58%). This patient, in contrast to previous reports, presents subnormal sperm parameters and therefore potential male fertility in a 24-years-old patient with severe 3b-HSD deficiency. This case should improve counselling about fertility of male patients carrying HSD3B2 mutation.
Introduction
Human 3beta-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase deficiency (3b-HSD) is a very rare form of congenital adrenal hyperplasia resulting from HSD3B2 gene mutations (ORPHA90791) (1). Sixty-one unrelated families have been published since the first report in 1962. The prevalence of autosomal recessive HSD3B2 mutations is less than 1/1,000,000 in humans (ORPHA90791) (2). In France, during an 8-year study period (1996–2003), only four cases of 3b-HSD2 deficiency have been detected among 6,012,798 neonatal screening tests (3). HSD3B2 gene is located on chromosome 1q13.1, and it encodes for the human type II (3b-HSD2) isoenzyme, which is only expressed in the adrenal cortex and in steroidogenic cells within the gonads. The isoenzyme 3b-HSD2 is an essential step for the biosynthesis of all steroids. Therefore, it plays a crucial role in aldosterone, cortisol and sex hormones production (Fig. 1). Phenotypes encompass a continuum from mild-to-severe enzymatic deficiency. In the severe form of HSD3B2 mutation, male patients present neonatal salt wasting, as well as disorders of sexual development (DSD), with micropenis and severe hypospadias. The external genitalia morphogenesis is impaired due to the diminished testosterone and consequently dihydrotestosterone plasma levels in 46,XY foetuses (3).
Adrenal and gonadic steroidogenesis pathway. Mutated HSD3B2 enzyme prevents the Delta 5 to Delta 4 conversion pathway, inducing a dramatically low DHEA/D4-dione conversion.
Citation: Endocrine Connections 7, 3; 10.1530/EC-17-0306
A second isoenzyme, the human type I isoenzyme (3b-HSD1), encoded by the HSD3B1 gene, is expressed in the placenta and peripheral tissues, such as breast, liver and brain (3). To our knowledge, no mutation of HSD3B1 gene has been reported in humans (4).
Data concerning the natural history of patients with HSD3B2 gene mutations are scarce. Few detailed hormonal evaluations or sperm analysis have been reported in such patients. Furthermore, they mainly concern patients with moderate DSD. We describe an adult patient carrying a c.687del27 HSD3B2 homozygous mutation and report normal or subnormal sperm parameters, although this patient carries a severe mutation.
Subject and methods
The patient presented with a salt-wasting crisis 12 days after birth. He was referred to Trousseau paediatric hospital (Assistance Publique – Hôpitaux de Paris, France). He had a micropenis, two palpable intrascrotal testes and a perineal hypospadias. Hormonal workup showed a 17OH-progesterone (17OH-P) plasma level contrasting with an elevated 17OH-pregnenolone (17OH-Preg), suggesting a 3b-HSD deficiency (Fig. 1). This patient’s phenotype at birth has been previously reported by Moisan and coworkers (5). HSD3B2 gene sequencing revealed a 687del27 homozygous mutation, defined as a 27-bp deletion in exon IV, deleting the terminal base pair of codon 229 and the entire codons 230–237, in addition to the first two base pairs of codon 238. Functional in vitro activity of the mutant enzyme was dramatically low. His karyotype was 46,XY. His elder sister had died at birth in Sri Lanka, most probably from salt wasting. Both parents were found to be heterozygous for the same mutation. The perineal hypospadias was surgically corrected at the age of 2 years. The patient has been followed on a yearly basis, from birth to the age of 19 years in Trousseau’s paediatric hospital, and he was then transferred to our adult unit, in Saint Antoine Hospital, Paris, France. The study was approved by the Clinical Research and Development Department of Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris. It was conducted as part of usual patient care and performed according to the French Bioethics law. The patient was fully informed and gave his written consent for the study.
Morning samples for steroids, FSH, LH and inhibin B, AMH were sent to the accredited (Cofrac: www.cofrac.fr) clinical endocrinology laboratories in Saint Antoine and Cochin hospitals respectively. These laboratories participate in the French national quality control programme for steroid and peptide hormone immunoassays (ProBioQual: https://www.probioqual.com/). Inter-assay coefficients of variation were below 8.5%. Radioimmunoassay (RIA) technology after celite chromatographic purification of 1–2 mL of extracted serum was used, as previously described (6, 7). Inhibin B was measured by means of a solid-phase sandwich assay using Oxford Bioinnovation reagents (Diagnostic Systems Laboratories, distributed by Beckman-Coulter, Villepinte, France) (8). AMH was measured by a solid-phase sandwich assay as previously described using Oxford Bioinnovation reagents (Diagnostic Systems Laboratories, distributed by Beckman-Coulter) (8).
Plasma steroids evaluations have been performed using liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry (LC–MS/MS), which allows steroid hormone analysis of sixteen analytes from a single sample in 150 µL of serum, as previously described (6, 7, 9).
Semen was obtained after 4 days withdrawal, at the age of 24 years. Sperm concentration, motility as well as sperm morphology were evaluated according to WHO criteria (10).
Results
A detailed family history revealed consanguinity, as shown in Fig. 2. At the age of 19 years, the patient’s final height was 170 cm (target height: 164 cm), his weight 63 kg and his body mass index (BMI) 22 kg/m². His body surface area was 1.73 m². His blood pressure was 110/60 mmHg, and he did not present any orthostatic hypotension. He was taking daily 30 mg of hydrocortisone (17.3 mg/m²/day) and 75 µg of fludrocortisone. At the age of 20 years, he travelled back to Sri Lanka and did not present any acute adrenal insufficiency. A prophylactic 100 mg hydrocortisone injection has only once been administrated during his lifetime, in a context of hand surgery after a minor trauma at the age of 24 years. The main complaint of the patient concerned his micropenis, as the penile length was 4 cm. Gynaecomastia was not present. Both testes were intrascrotal, with a volume of 20 mL, each (N: 15–20 mL). Testicular ultrasound revealed two testes without any evidence of testicular adrenal rest tumours (TART). No suspect testicular mass was detected. His bone density was normal with a femoral T-score of +2.8 s.d. and vertebral T-score of +1.9 s.d. His plasma parameters were fasting glycaemia 4.9 mmol/L, total cholesterol 5.63 mmol/L (N: <6.05), LDL cholesterol 3.61 mmol/L (N: <4.20), HDL-cholesterol 1.61 mmol/L (N: >1.05) and triglycerides 0.90 mmol/L (N: <1.55).
Family tree illustrating the index patient (III-5); he is the second child in a highly consanguineous family from Sri Lanka, his parents (II-10 and II-11) are first cousins, as well his grandparents (I-1 and I-2; I-3 and I-4 respectively). Their first daughter (III-4) died at birth in Sri Lanka, probably from acute adrenal salt wasting. Black box indicates the HSD3B2 687del27 homozygous mutation. Both parents (II-10 and II-11) were found to be heterozygous carrier for this mutation, as well as the patient’s youngest sister (III-4).
Citation: Endocrine Connections 7, 3; 10.1530/EC-17-0306
His hormonal evaluations, performed at the age of 22 years, are presented in Table 1. His plasma ACTH was 21 pg/mL (N: 9–52) and his plasma renin was 18.1 pg/mL (N: 3–30). His inhibin B was in the normal range: 154 pg/mL (N: 135–350), in favour of normal Sertoli cell function. His plasma FSH, LH, AMH and testosterone serum levels were within the normal range. Therefore, no testosterone treatment was administered to the patient. LC–MS/MS steroids profile analysis showed that 11betahydroxy-androstenedione (11OHA4) plasma levels were below the detection limit (N: 3–10 nmol/L).
Hormonal status at age 22 years.
| Hormonal levels | Normal values | |
|---|---|---|
| Pregnenolone (nmol/L) | 1.79 | <6.3 |
| 17OH-pregnenolone (nmol/L) | 4.38 | <6 |
| Progesterone (nmol/L) | 0.022 | <0.6 |
| 17OH-progesterone (nmol/L) | 0.022 | 1.2–7.6 |
| Deoxycorticosterone (nmol/L) | 0.009 | 0.3–4 |
| 11-deoxycortisol (nmol/L) | 0.006 | <3 |
| Cortisol (nmol/L) | 0.039 | 212–607 |
| 21 deoxycortisol (nmol/L) | <0.01 | 0.69–6.93 |
| Corticosterone (nmol/L) | 0.01 | 1.4–35 |
| Aldosterone (nmol/L) | 0.011 | <0.4 |
| DHEA (nmol/L) | 6.48 | 3.5–52 |
| Androstenedione (nmol/L) | 1.46 | 0.9–7 |
| 11betahydroxy-androstenedione (nmol/l) | <3 | 3–10 |
| Total testosterone (nmol/L) | 13.82 | 9–38 |
| FSH (UI/L) | 3.6 | 1.4–18.1 |
| LH (UI/L) | 4.8 | 1.5–9.3 |
| Inhibin B (pg/mL) | 139 | 135–350 |
| AMH (pmol/L) | 24 | 12–87 |
Hormonal adult status under treatment with hydrocortisone (30 mg per day) and fludrocortisone (75 mg per day). OH stands for hydroxyl.
His sperm parameters are reported in Table 2. Briefly, his sperm count was normal, as well as the percentage of sperm with typical morphology. The vitality was subnormal. For ethical reasons, testicular histology was not performed. However, sperm cryopreservation was proposed and the patient agreed to perform sperm banking.
Patient’ sperm parameters at the age of 22 years.
| Normal OMS value | ||
|---|---|---|
| Volume (mL) | 3 | >1.5 |
| pH | 7.9 | >7.2 |
| Concentration (M/mL) | 57.6 | >15 |
| Numeration (M) | 172.8 | >39 |
| Vitality (%) | 41 | >58 |
| Mobility (%) | ||
| Progressive motility (PR) | 20 | >32 |
| Total motility (PR+NP) | 40 | >40 |
| Cytogram | ||
| Typical form (%) | 21% | >4 |
| Abnormal acrosome | 36/48 | – |
| Abnormal flagella | 06/10 | – |
Discussion
We report hormonal evaluation and normal sperm parameters in a 46,XY patient, carrying a severe HSD3B2 mutation.
Concerning steroidogenesis, the fetal consequences of the mutant protein on the genital tubercle are sexually dimorphic: testosterone and consequently dihydrotestosterone levels are lacking in a 46,XY foetus, but are in excess in 46,XX. This may be due to the fact that peripheral conversion of adrenal and gonadal DHEA caused by 3b-HSD1 is low during the fetal period (3). Hence, the external genitalia morphogenesis is impaired in males, who therefore may present undervirilisation, severe hypospadias and micropenis at birth. On the other hand, 46,XX patients are usually diagnosed during paediatric period, in front of premature acne or pubic hair with growth acceleration, due to DHEA accumulation above the enzymatic deficit and subsequent peripheral conversion to testosterone.
This patient has been followed in our reference centre of rare endocrine diseases from birth to the age of 24 years, on a yearly basis. Interestingly, although the patient’s mutation is severe, his pubertal development was normal. In the literature, only 11 cases have reported pubertal status in male patients carrying HSD3B2 mutations (1, 2, 5, 11, 12, 13, 14, 15, 16, 17, 18, 19, 20, 21, 29). Most of them entered puberty spontaneously. The explanation relies on a potential accumulation above the enzymatic deficit of delta 5-steroids precursors such as DHEA-S leading to testosterone biosynthesis via peripheral non-mutated HSD3B1 and HSD17B5 activity (Fig. 1).
Some patients in the literature have been treated with intra-muscular testosterone injections. The main goal of this treatment is to increase the patient’s testosterone level and therefore abolish the post-pubertal gonadotropin contribution to oestrogens production, in order to prevent gynaecomastia (3). Indeed, gynaecomastia has been previously reported in several adult patients with HSD3B2 mutation (3, 15). However, our patient did not present any gynaecomastia. His oestradiol levels remained within the normal male adult range, as well as his testosterone levels. The origin of testosterone in adult patients with HSD3B2 mutations is still debated. A first hypothesis relies on the fact that testosterone levels are secondary to the conversion of high delta 5-steroids, originating from the testis. Indeed, elevated testosterone levels have been described in the spermatic veins of HSD3B2 mutated patients (18). Intra-testicular delta5-steroids could be converted to delta4 steroids by a compensatory isoenzyme, such as 3b-HSD1. Indeed, in vitro study of the 3b-HSD1 isoenzyme’s activity is 5-fold higher than the enzymatic activity of 3b-HSD2. However, the presence of 3b-HSD1 iso-enzyme in testes is still debated. Indeed, an immuno-histochemical analysis for 3b-HSD2, as well as a western blot analysis for HSD3B2 revealed the absence of 3b-HSD2 expression in testis of a mutated patient (21). As the antibody used was not specific for the human type 2 isoenzyme, the authors made the hypothesis that HSD3B1 was also absent from testes.
A second potential source of testosterone in patients with HSD3B2 mutations is a peripheral conversion of adrenal steroids. Interestingly, in the current patient, LC–MS/MS steroids profile revealed that 11betahydroxy-androstenedione (11OHA4) was undetectable. Since the primary source of 11OHA4 is the adrenals and that 11OHA4 is metabolised through CYP11B1 activity, the absence of 11OHA4 is in accordance with a complete 3b-HSD deficit (22). Therefore, testosterone in our patient probably originates from testicular production.
Fertility of male patients with HSD3B2 mutations has been poorly evaluated (Table 3). Only one case has been reported as fathering two children (3). However, no sperm analysis, or genetic testing, has been performed in the children to prove his paternity.
Types of HSD3B2 mutations, adrenal phenotypes, gonadal phenotypes, presence of gynaecomastia, sperm parameters and histology of male patients reported in the literature, compared to our patient’s phenotype.
| Patient | Mutation | Adrenal phenotype | DSD | Gynaecomastia | Spermogram | Testis histology | Reference |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | – | SW | Mild | No | – | – | (19) |
| 2 | – | SW | Mild | No | – | – | (12) |
| 3 | – | PP | Mild | No | – | Normal | (25) |
| 4 | – | SW | Mild | Yes | – | Normal | (14) |
| 5 | – | SW | Mild | Yes | – | Sertoli only | (2) |
| 6 | G129R | PP | Mild | No | – | – | (5) |
| 7 | G129R | PP | Mild | No | – | – | (13) |
| 8 | G35A | PP | Mild | Yes | – | – | (20) |
| 9 | P222Q | SW | Severe | – | – | – | (29) |
| 10 | W171X | SW | Severe | Yes | – | – | (17) |
| 11 | A82T | PP | Mild | No | – | – | (15, 16) |
| 12 | A82T | PP | Mild | No | – | Normal | (15, 16) |
| 13 | R249X | SW | Mild | Yes | – | Immature | (18) |
| 14 | 687del27 | SW | Severe | Yes | – | Sertoli only | (21) |
| 15 | W171X | SW | Severe | Yes | Fathered (?) | – | (1) |
| 16 | A10E | SW | Mild | No | Azoospermia | TART | (11) |
| 17 | 687del27 | SW | Severe | No | Normal | – | Current case |
Spermogram was reported in a single publication, in a patient carrying a severe HSD3B2 mutation (A10E) (11). Although his puberty had been normal and he had no past history of cryptorchidism, azoospermia as well as testicular adrenal rests tumours (TART) were observed (11). Recently, 11OHA4 serum levels have been linked to the presence of TARTs, in patients with 21-hydroxylase/CYP21A2 deficiency (23, 24). Interestingly, 11 OHD4 plasma level was undetectable in our patient, in accordance with the absence of TART in his testes.
Our review of the literature identified 7 cases with testicular histology (Table 3). Among the 3 patients without a proven mutation, 2 had normal Leydig cells as well as seminiferous tubules with complete spermatogenesis including spermatozoa in their lumen and one had a Sertoli cell only syndrome. Among the 4 patients with a proven HSD3B2 mutation, testes histology was normal in one patient, one had immature spermatogenesis and one had TARTs with azoospermia (11). The remaining patient, carrying the same mutation as the one found in our patient, had a Sertoli cell only phenotype in most seminiferous tubules, only few tubules with some spermatogonia and arrested spermatogenesis, thus suggesting that he is unlikely to be fertile (21).
As this patient and the one we report, both originate from Sri Lanka, the question arises whether they could be related. However, our patient was not aware of any other member with the same disease outside his close family.
The data reported in the literature are in contrast with our results. Indeed, our patient presents normal sperm numeration as well as normal morphology, and sperm vitality is subnormal. Therefore, his sperm parameters are in favour of potential fertility. Several hypotheses may explain those discrepancies. First of all, Burckhardt’s patient had a history of bilateral cryptorchidism (21). During childhood, his testes remained unpalpable and orchidopexy was performed at the age of 15 years. A previous history of cryptorchidism is known to be directly related to altered sperm production, as described in patients with hypogonadotropic hypogonadism (26). A second hypothesis relies on the fact that Burckhardt’s patient had a severe syndrome including psychomotor retardation and severe neurological alteration. Atrophic basal ganglia had been identified on magnetic resonance imaging. Therefore, this patient might have a second disease, potentially altering his sperm production.
Sperm production of our patient is normal. This may be due to his treatment’s compliance. Indeed, it has been described in patients with CYP21 classic congenital adrenal hyperplasia, that the presence of TARTs (27) is related to high ACTH plasma levels and therefore poor compliance (28). The presence of TARTs is involved in male infertility (27). We have been able to show that testosterone serum level in our patient has always been in the normal range from puberty up to his early adulthood. Hence, we can speculate that his hydrocortisone compliance could have had a beneficial influence on his spermatogenesis. His sperm numeration and morphology were normal, probably due to the absence of cryptorchidism, absence of TART as well as normal oestrogen and testosterone levels.
Because of potential further sperm decay, as described by Alos and coworkers in a patient with TART carrying a severe HSD3B2 mutation (A10E), sperm cryopreservation was proposed to our patient and immediately performed since he did not wish to father a child at the time of his evaluation (11). As the transmission pattern is autosomal recessive, the patient was informed that his future partner would have to be tested for HSD3B2 gene mutation.
Conclusion
Congenital adrenal hyperplasia due to HSD3B2 gene mutations (ORPHA90791) is an extremely rare form of congenital adrenal hyperplasia disease. In the severe form, the phenotype leads to neonatal salt wasting and severe male virilisation deficit. Our study illustrates the fact that fertility remains possible, even in front of a severe enzyme deficit, thus giving unsuspected opportunities of paternity to patients with severe HSD3B2 mutations.
Declaration of interest
The authors declare that there is no conflict of interest that could be perceived as prejudicing the impartiality of the research reported.
Funding
This research did not receive any specific grant from any funding agency in the public, commercial or not-for-profit sector.
Author contribution statement
Written informed consent has been obtained from the patient for publication of the submitted article and accompanying images.
Acknowledgements
The authors are grateful to Dr Marie-France Portnoï for cytogenetic analysis in Trousseau Hospital, Dr Jérome Guechot, Dr Antonin Lamazière, Dr Thibaut Eguether for LC–MS/MS measurements in Saint Antoine Hospital, and to the patient for his consent.
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