Abstract
Antithyroid drugs (ATDs) have been shown to attenuate the effectiveness of radioiodine (radioiodine ablation, RIA) therapy in Graves' disease. We undertook a study to look at the impact of iodine uptakes on the outcome of 131I therapy. To determine the effect of prior ATD use on the duration of time to achieve cure in patients with high vs intermediate uptake Graves' disease who received a fixed dose (15 mCi) of 131I radioiodine. In a retrospective study of patients with Graves' disease, 475 patients who underwent RIA were followed-up on a two-monthly basis with thyroid function tests. Of the 123 patients with a documented preablation RAIU and consistent follow-up it was observed that 40 patients had an intermediate RAIU (10–30%) and 83 subjects had a distinctly increased uptake (>30%). Successful cure was defined as the elimination of thyrotoxicosis in the form of low free thyroxin and rising TSH levels. When a standard dose of 15 mCi 131I was administered, a cure rate of 93% was achieved. The median duration of time to cure (TC) was 129 days. Surprisingly, a direct proportional linear relationship (R2=0.92) was established between time to cure and radioiodine uptake (TC>30%=172days, TC10–30%=105 days, P<0.001). Patients who used ATD medications took a proportionately longer duration to achieve remission (TCNO ATD=102days, TCATD=253days, P<0.001). The effect of prior ATD therapy in delaying remission was amplified in the subset of patients with higher uptakes (TC>30%+ATD=310days, TC>30%+NO ATD=102days, P<0.001) compared to those with the intermediate uptakes (TC10–30%+ATD=126 days, TC10–30%+NO ATD=99 days, P<0.001). RIA, using a dose of 15 mCi achieved a high cure rate. Higher uptakes predicted longer time to achieve remission, with prior ATD use amplifying this effect.
Introduction
Although antithyroid drugs (ATDs) and partial thyroidectomy have established the treatment modalities, radioiodine therapy has become the primary treatment option of hyperthyroidism in Graves' disease (1, 2). A number of interrelated factors, such as the use of ATDs, the etiology of hyperthyroidism, the radioiodine dose regimen, the radioiodine uptake (RAIU) and the thyroid volume and mass, influence the successful cure of hyperthyroidism following 131I therapy (3, 4, 5). However, it can be inferred that no single factor reliably predicts the outcome of the therapy.
There is no consensus on the optimal method for determining the ideal 131I radioiodine treatment dose. Although some authors advocate the use of adjusted doses based on thyroid gland size, radioactive uptake and effective half-life of 131I (iodide turnover), the use of a fixed dose method simplifies the approach with potential cost savings (6, 7, 8).
The influence of pretreatment with ATDs and 24-h RAIU on the efficacy of radioiodine therapy is controversial. A majority of studies have suggested a reduced cure rate associated with the ATD pretreatment and a higher 24-h thyroid RAIU (9, 10, 11, 12). We undertook a study to evaluate the impact of antithyroid pretreatment on the duration of time needed to achieve cure in patients with the high uptake Graves' thyrotoxicosis who received a fixed dose (15 mCi) of 131I radioiodine.
Materials and methods
Subjects
We performed a retrospective study of 475 consecutive patients who received initial 131I therapy for Graves' disease between January 2010 and December 2012 at Sri Ramachandra Hospital. As suggested by previous authors, the diagnosis of Graves' disease was based on a combination of typical symptoms and signs of hyperthyroidism, suppressed stimulating hormone (TSH), elevated serum thyroid hormones, RAIU, and diffused gland enlargement (clinically or on imaging when performed) (6). A database was constructed and analyzed with respect to the patient characteristics, % uptake on a pre-131I 24-h RAIU scan, use of ATDs, monthly follow-up thyroid function tests and time taken to achieve a successful outcome. Patients were excluded if they were below 18 years of age, had a 24-h RAIU less than 10% or if they had previously undergone treatment for hyperthyroidism and thyroid malignancy in the form of 131I treatment or thyroid surgery. Data were collected from chart review and archival laboratory data, and patients were contacted for missing follow-up information. Of the initial 475 patients, 20 patients did not give verbal consent, and there was no available contact information, documented pre-131I 24RAIU scan, and monthly follow-up thyroid function test results for 84, 89 and 159 patients respectively. Approval for laboratory and clinical review was obtained from the institutional review board of Sri Ramachandra University.
Patients were divided into two groups and categorized as having received ATDs (propylthiouracil (PTU) and methimazole (MMI)), or no therapy prior to 131I therapy. Individuals in both groups were further stratified based on their pre-131I 24 h RAIU scan uptake into high uptake and intermediate uptake groups. Intermediate uptake was defined as 24 RAIU of less than 30% and high uptake as greater than 30%.
Treatment regimen
A fixed dose of 555 MBq was administered to all patients regardless of prior ATD therapy, size of gland or age of the patients. In those patients who had taken prior ATD, the drug was ceased 5–7 days prior to 131I therapy. Patients subsequently attended standardized follow-up with thyroid function test (free thyroxin (FT4) and TSH) results monthly following the 131I therapy. Plasma FT4, TSH and thyroid peroxidase antibodies were measured by Siemens commercial kits according to the manufactures' instructions (Erlangen, Germany).
Outcome after 131I therapy
The primary outcome of successful therapy was either hypothyroidism or euthyroidism following 131I therapy. Hypothyroid patients had a persistent low FT4 and elevated TSH and had been started on levothyroxine replacement. Euthyroidism was defined as normal FT4, TSH levels without levothyroxine. Time taken to achieve successful cure (TC) was defined as the time (in days) from the date of 131I therapy to the date of elimination of hyperthyroidism, in the form of euthyroid or hypothyroid thyroid function tests, and expressed as median + interquartile range. Of the 123 patients, 12 patients had treatment failure and had to receive a second dose of radioiodine therapy. Secondary outcomes such as hypothyroidism/euthyroidism developing after a second dose of 131I therapy were not considered.
Statistical analysis
Statistical analysis was performed using SPSS version 15.0. univariate analysis was performed using the χ2 test, Mann–Whitney U and log rank tests. Statistical significance was shown with the P-value<0.05. Logistic regression analysis was used to estimate the strength of relationship among independent variables. A Cox regression was used to determine the association between baseline variables (age, gender, ATD use and 24 h RAIU) and subsequent duration of time needed to achieve successful cure. The Kaplan–Meier method was used to study the temporal relationship between prior ATD use, 24 h RAIU and duration of time for cure.
Results
Of the potentially eligible 475 subjects, we were able to obtain follow-up of 123 participant patients. The baseline characteristics of the study population and nonparticipants were compared and are summarized in Table 1. In general, the participants had a higher proportion of males (P=0.025), but were otherwise similar.
Comparison of baseline characteristics of participants and non-participants. All data expressed as mean±s.d.
| Characteristics | Participants | Non-participants | P value |
|---|---|---|---|
| Age (years) | 39.40±12.38 | 39.71±10.74 | 0.790 |
| Sex (males) (%) | 23.6 | 14.8 | 0.025 |
| 24 h RAIU | 42.60±15.3 | 42.07±12.9 | 0.979 |
| Received ATD (%) | 47.2 | 43.5 | 0.478 |
| FT4a (ng/dl) | 3.99±2.21 | 3.99±1.92 | 0.852 |
| TSHb (U/ml) | 0.012±0.02 | 0.011±0.014 | 0.754 |
FT4, free T4 (normal range: 0.8–1.8 ng/dl).
TSH, thyroid-stimulating hormone (normal range: 0.3–4.8 U/ml).
Baseline characteristics of the study participants stratified by ATD use and 24 h RAIU are summarized in Table 2. The average age was 39 years, and there was a female preponderance with a ratio of 3.3:1. The 24 h RAIU was higher in patients with prior ATD therapy (RAIUATD=46.20%, RAIUNO ATD=41.89%, P=0.021). Of the 58 patients who used ATD prior to therapy, 55 individuals (95%) had received carbimazole and 3 (6%) received PTU. Upon further stratification based on 24 h RAIU, 84 patients (68%) had a high-uptake and 37 patients (32%) had an intermediate uptake.
Baseline characteristics of the two patient groups with Graves' disease. Continuous variables are expressed as mean±s.d.
| 24 h RAIU | Patients who did not use ATD | Patients who used ATD | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|
| 10–30% | >30% | 10–30% | >30% | |
| Number of patients (n) | 21 | 44 | 16 | 42 |
| Age (years) | 38.12±13.8 | 39.07±12.52 | 41.48±13.75 | 39.29±10.52 |
| Sex (F:M) | 15:6 | 33:11 | 14:2 | 30:12 |
| 24 h RAIU (%) | 27.06±9.06 | 49.14±10.26 | 31.65±12.72 | 52.77±9.03 |
| Pre-RIA | ||||
| FT4a (ng/dl) | 3.26±1.45 | 4.05±2.39 | 4.14±2.13 | 4.33±2.49 |
| TSHb (U/ml) | 0.015±0.003 | 0.012±0.037 | 0.0077±0.028 | 0.011±0.031 |
| RIA dose (mCi) | 15 | 15 | 15 | 15 |
| Post-RIA | ||||
| FT4 (ng/dl) | 1.17±0.24 | 0.804±0.29 | 1.61±0.26 | 0.71±0.32 |
| TSH (U/ml) | 1.08±2.47 | 1.31±2.5 | 8.26±1.8 | 2.15±2.89 |
| Time to achieve successful cure (TC, days)c | 98.5±36.0 | 102.0±64.0 | 125.5±43.0 | 310.0±238.5 |
FT4, free T4 (normal range: 0.8–1.8 ng/dl).
TSH, thyroid-stimulating hormone (normal range: 0.3–4.8 U/ml).
Time to cure (TC) expressed as median±interquartile range.
When a standard dose of 15 mCi 131I was administered, a cure rate (Rc) of 93% was achieved and the median time taken to achieve cure was 129 days. In comparison to individuals with prior ATD, there was a significant difference in the mean levels of TSH both before (pre-RIA) and after (post-RIA) radioiodine ablation in those who did not use ATD (pre-RIA TSHNO ATD=0.013, pre-RIA TSHATD=0.010, P=0.029),(post-RIA TSHNO ATD=1.24, post-RIA TSHNO ATD=3.83, P=0.031). A higher cure rate (Rc) was demonstrated in individuals without prior ATD usage. (RcATD=86%, RcNOATD =94%, P<0.001). Patients who used antithyroid medications took a proportionately longer duration to achieve remission (TCNO ATD=102 days, TCATD=253 days, P<0.001).
The time to achieve cure (TC) was assessed in all patients and is presented as plots for ATD vs NO ATD and high vs intermediate 24 h RAIU groups (Fig. 1) Regression analysis established a direct proportional linear relationship (R2 coefficient=0.92) between time to cure (TC) and pre-131I 24 h RAIU scan percentage. Similar direct linear relationships were identified in both patients with and without prior ATD drug usage. (R2ATD=0.92, R2NOATD=0.95). An inverse relationship between RAIU and successful outcome was identified, as the intermediate uptake group had a significantly higher cure rate (Rc<30%=95%, Rc>30%=90%, P<0.001). The effect of prior ATD therapy in delaying remission was amplified in the subset of patients with higher uptakes (TC>30%+ATD=310 days, TC>30%+NO ATD=102 days, P<0.001) compared to those with the intermediate uptakes (TC10–30%+ATD=126 days. TC10–30%+NO ATD=99 days, P<0.001).
(A and B) Plots for NO ATD and ATD patients with time to achieve cure (TC) respectively. Upon further stratification based on uptake, (C) the amplified effect of ATD in the higher uptake group. Linear regression lines (D), derived from (C), show a directly proportional linear relationship (R2ATD =0.92, R2NOATD =0.95) between radioiodine uptake and duration of time needed to achieve cure. Filled square, no ATD, intermediate uptake; open square, no ATD, high uptake; filled circle, ATD, intermediate uptake; open circle, ATD, high uptake; dotted line, no ATD, linear regression; solid line, ATD, linear regression.
Citation: Endocrine Connections 5, 1; 10.1530/EC-15-0119
On Cox regression analysis, ATD use (P<0.001) was independent predictor of increased duration of time needed to achieve successful remission with a hazard ratio of 4.454. Age (P=0.887), gender (P=0.868) and 24 h RAIU (P=0.822) did not significantly predict the duration of time to achieve cure.
Kaplan–Meir survival functions of patients using ATD stratified by RAIU uptake is shown in Figs 2 and 3. The distribution of time to cure was significantly different between those who had prior ATD use and those who did not (P<0.001, log-rank test). In patients with the high RAIU, the duration of time to cure was further amplified.
Kaplan–Meier survival functions of patients with intermediate 24 h RAIU (10–30%) stratified according to prior ATD use.
Citation: Endocrine Connections 5, 1; 10.1530/EC-15-0119
Kaplan–Meier survival functions of patients with high 24 h RAIU (>30%) stratified according to prior ATD use.
Citation: Endocrine Connections 5, 1; 10.1530/EC-15-0119
Discussion
There remains a lack of consensus regarding optimal dose calculation of radioiodine despite widespread use of 131I therapy for patients with Graves's hyperthyroidism. This is due to several factors, including the lack of comprehensive studies and well-designed trials relating the efficacy of different treatment protocols and outcomes (13). In a retrospective analysis of a 100 patients with Graves' thyrotoxicosis, Catargi et al. (14) demonstrated that individualized dosimetry treatment failed in 74% of patients. Another study, comparing a fixed dose approach with an adjusted dose approach using two radioiodine doses, did not demonstrate any advantage to the adjusted dose method both in terms of efficacy and time to outcome (6). Permanent hypothyroidism is an inevitable outcome and therefore the objective of eradicating hyperthyroidism at the lowest effective radioiodine dose may well be the preferred strategy. In our study a fixed dose regimen of 15 mCi (555 MBq) achieved a cure rate of 93%. The results of other studies in evaluation of the efficacy of a similar high dose 131I therapy have shown similar results (15, 16). Lewis et al. (17) studied 449 patients with hyperthyroidism who had received a standard dose of 550 MBq and found 93.3% (74.4% hypothyroid, 18.9% euthyroid) were treated effectively by a single dose at 1 year. Due to the logistical reasons some of our patient did not receive a second dose of radioiodine ablation at the end of one year despite not achieving a successful outcome. However long term follow-up revealed that all 16 patients who did not achieve cure at 1 year subsequently attained successful remission within the second year following therapy. A fixed dose of 131I 555 MBq is highly effective in the treatment of Graves' hyperthyroidism and further studies relating the long term follow-up of these patients will be essential. The use of a fixed and larger radioiodine dose approach to radioiodine ablation in Graves' disease simplifies the treatment regimen, minimizes the need for retreatment and the potential medical costs with an ineffective primary treatment.
The question of possible interaction of antithyroid medications on the efficacy and outcome of 131I radioiodine therapy in Graves' hyperthyroidism remains a controversy. Several studies have demonstrated a decreased efficacy in patients who received a pretreatment with thryostatic medications, although others have confirmed the opposite (18, 19, 20, 21, 22, 23). As studies differ substantially with respect to design, etiology of hyperthyroidism, regimen of pretreatment with ATD and applied dose of 131I, it is difficult to compare their results. In our study, the use of ATDs had a negative impact on successful cure rate and significantly delayed remission. Prior ATD use was found to significantly predict the time to cure even after adjusting for other variables such as age, sex and 24 h RAIU. Even after delivering a significantly higher dose of 131I, Saberi et al. demonstrated that simultaneous thyrostasis was the decisive negative factor against successful 131I therapy in Graves' disease (24).
In our study both PTU and MMI were discontinued 5–7 days before therapy. MMI has been shown to influence the 131I kinetics by diminishing 131I uptake and blocking 131I organification resulting in shortened 131I effective half-life and reduced adsorbed dose of 131I (20, 25). In contrast to our results, Goolden et al. (26) and Marcocci et al. (27) found no interference of MMI with 131I therapy when MMI was discontinued 3–5 days, and 5–7 days before 131I therapy respectively. Regarding comparability with our study, it is difficult to distinguish between the effects of reduced adsorbed doses and radio protective properties of antithyroid medications as the duration and dosage of pre-treatment was not quantified. The delay in time to cure was significant and can be attributed to the shortened 131I half-life and reduced adsorbed dose of 131I. Nonetheless, the effects of MMI in our study are not qualitatively different from those of PTU pretreatment.
Several studies have demonstrated a significant relationship between radioiodine therapy and 24 h RAIU, although the results are contradictory. It has been suggested that the therapeutic effect in patients with a low iodine uptake is much lower than in patients with iodine uptake above 30%, possibly because a low uptake makes radioiodine therapy unfeasible (7, 28). In contrast, the results of recent studies patients with the lower pre-therapeutic RAI uptakes show the highest success rate after RAI treatment (11, 29, 30). Our study also found an inverse relationship between pre-treatment iodine uptake and post-treatment successful cure rate when using a fixed dosed of 15 mCi. However, when considering time taken to achieve remission, regression analysis revealed a directly proportional linear relationship (R2 coefficient=0.92) between time to cure and RAIU. In concurrence with our results, Alexander et al. demonstrated that individuals with higher 24-h uptake values are more likely to persist in a hyperthyroid state after 1 year following therapy. There may be several explanations for this observation. The follicular cells could have a biologically different response to higher RAIU in the form of decreased radiosensitivy and high 131I turnover rate (31). Thyroid stunning is the phenomenon where the 131I uptake by the thyrocyte is attenuated due to prior ionizing radiation. Although measurement of thyroid RAIU requires only little radioactivity compared to thyroid cancer patients, in vitro studies have shown that stunning is associated with decreasing levels of NIS-mRNA and signs of cell cycle arrest (32, 33, 34). In our study, higher uptakes were associated with a decreased cure rate and relatively longer duration to achieve successful remission.
Multiple authors have suggested the ability of both ATD pretreatment and RAIU in altering 131I bio kinetics and modifying the radiosensitivy of the thyroid follicular cells. Our study found that although 24 h RAIU did not independently influence time to achieve remission, the effect of prior ATD therapy in delaying remission was amplified in the subset of patients with higher uptakes. This can possibly be explained by the concomitant effect of ATD and higher uptake on shortening 131I half-life and reduced adsorbed dose of 131I. Another potentially important factor is stunning due to the diagnostic RAIU performed before 131I therapy, which in theory has more impact with higher thyroid RAIU.
There are several limitations to our study. The disease severity of Graves' disease was more severe in patients with prior ATD usage, in comparison to those who did use ATD. The other limitations of our study are attributable to a number of additional confounding factors with potential effects on the 131I biokinetics, thyroid volume, dosimetry and other aspects of dose calculation. Awaiting more prospective studies it remains speculative whether an altering of the thyroid RAIU achieved by use of ATD leads to a change in efficacy and time to remission in Graves' disease.
In summary, clinical follow-up in patients with Graves' disease treated with a fixed dose of 15 mCi 131I radioiodine ablation therapy was completed. A standard fixed dose of 15 mCi is a highly effective treatment approach that reduces the need for complicated dosimetry calculation and repeated doses of 131I therapy with potential cost savings. ATD pretreatment is a significant negative factor against successful 131I therapy; it increases the possibility of treatment failure and delays the duration to achieve successful cure substantially. In a population using iodized salt, prior ATD use predicted longer time to cure, with higher 24 h RAIU use amplifying this effect. The effect of inherent radio protective properties of ATD in conjunction with 24-h RAIU levels on the successful cure rate of 131I therapy awaits further large prospective studies.
Declaration of interest
The authors declare that there is no conflict of interest that could be perceived as prejudicing the impartiality of the research reported
Funding
This research did not receive any specific grant from any funding agency in the public, commercial or not-for-profit sector.
Author contribution statement
Dr M Subramanian and Dr M Kurian Baby contributed in collecting data, data analysis and writing of the manuscript. Prof. K Seshadri's contributed in research concept and design as well as the critical revision of the manuscript.
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