Abstract
Background
Obesity is known as a common risk factor for osteoporosis and type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM). Perirenal fat, surrounding the kidneys, has been reported to be unique in anatomy and biological functions. This study aimed to explore the relationship between perirenal fat and bone metabolism in patients with T2DM.
Methods
A total of 234 patients with T2DM were recruited from September 2019 to December 2019 in the cross-sectional study. The biochemical parameters and bone turnover markers (BTMs) were determined in all participants. Perirenal fat thickness (PrFT) was performed by ultrasounds via a duplex Doppler apparatus. Associations between PrFT and bone metabolism index were determined via correlation analysis and regression models.
Results
The PrFT was significantly correlated with β-C-terminal telopeptides of type I collagen (β-CTX) (r = −0.14, P < 0.036), parathyroid hormone (iPTH) (r = −0.18, P ≤ 0.006), and 25 hydroxyvitamin D (25-OH-D) (r = −0.14, P = 0.001). Multivariate analysis confirmed that the association of PrFT and β-CTX (β = −0.136, P = 0.042) was independent of other variables.
Conclusion
This study showed a negative and independent association between PrFT and β-CTX in subjects with T2DM, suggesting a possible role of PrFT in bone metabolism. Follow-up studies and further research are necessary to validate the associations and to elucidate the underlying mechanisms.
Introduction
Osteoporosis and related fractures commonly exist in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM), which results in a great economic and social burden in the aging society (1). It has been reported that diabetes mellitus was an independent risk factor of low-energy subtrochanteric and diaphyseal fractures (2). Growing evidence, including population-based observational and longitudinal cohort studies, has linked T2DM to osteoporosis and even higher fracture incidence (3, 4, 5, 6, 7). In fact, T2DM and osteoporosis shared many common risk factors including obesity, BMI, glucocorticoid exposure and genetic factors (8).
Obesity has been considered as an abnormal or excessive fat accumulation. Studies of adipocyte function have revealed that adipose tissue is not just an inert organ for energy storage. It expresses and secretes a variety of biologically active molecules, such as estrogen, resistin, leptin, adiponectin, and interleukin-6 (IL-6). These molecules affect human energy homeostasis and may be involved in bone metabolism, which may contribute to the complex relationship between fat mass and bone (9). Although amounts of studies showed either a clear positive or negative effect of whole-body fat mass on bone, regional fat distribution may also influence bone mass, independent of total body fat mass (10). Subcutaneous and visceral fat have different metabolic profiles, and pro-inflammatory cytokines from visceral fat such as IL-6 and tumour necrosis factor alpha (TNF-α) increase bone resorption, and so may have harmful effects on BMD (11).
Perirenal fat is a fat pad surrounding the kidneys, located between the renal fibrous membrane and the renal fascia in the retroperitoneal space (12). Anatomy studies have confirmed that perirenal fat has a complete system of blood supply, lymph fluid drainage, and innervation compared to classically connective tissues (13, 14, 15). Histologically, paranephric fat is a typical white adipose tissue depot, while perirenal fat mainly consists of dormant brown adipose tissue (16). However, perirenal fat is more active in energy metabolism and adipokine secretion compared with typical visceral fat (12). It has been proved that massive perirenal fat thickness (PrFT) was an early predictor of atherosclerosis (17). De Pergola and colleagues have found a positive association between para- and perirenal fat thickness and mean 24 h diastolic blood pressure level in overweight and obese subjects (18).
Many studies have described the effect of obesity and T2DM on fracture risk and explored possible mechanisms of their effects, whereas the relation between PrFT and bone metabolism is not currently available. So, our study aimed to explore the relationship between perirenal fat and bone metabolism in patients with T2DM, expecting to provide a unique explanation for the innumerable links between obesity and bone metabolism.
Methods
Subject population
The study subjects were consecutively enrolled at the Metabolism and Immune Disease Center of Beijing Luhe Hospital, Capital Medical University from September 2019 to December 2019. A total of 234 patients with T2DM including 116 females and 118 males were included. The diagnosis of T2DM was defined according to 1999 World Health Organization Criteria (19), which include fasting blood glucose ≥ 7.0 mmol/L and/or 2-h blood glucose during a 75 g oral glucose tolerance test (OGTT) ≥ 11.1 mmol/L. Patients with endocrinological diseases, chronic inflammatory diseases, stable hypertension, angina pectoris, stroke, transient ischemic attack, heart infarction and congenital heart disease were excluded. All procedures performed in studies involving human participants were in accordance with the ethical standards of the institutional and/or national research committee and with the 1964 Helsinki declaration and its later amendments or comparable ethical standards. The study was approved by Ethics Committee of Beijing Luhe Hospital.
General data and anthropometric measurements
We recorded baseline data including age, gender, duration of diabetes, as well as detailed information of medical history for each patient. BMI was calculated as the weight divided by the square of height. Waist circumference was measured at the anatomic waistline, that should be the narrowest part of the abdomen, which is at the natural indentation between the iliac crest and the tenth rib (minimum waist). Abdominal visceral fat area (VFA) was simultaneously quantified by DUALSCAN HDS-2000 (OMRON Healthcare Co, Kyoto, Japan), which is an abdominal dual machine using bioelectrical impedance analysis.
An auto-biochemical analyzer (Roche/Hitachi Cobas C501, Roche Diagnostic Corp.) was employed to determine serum concentrations of total cholesterol (TC), triglyceride (TG), low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C), high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-C) and uric acid. Glycosylated hemoglobin (HbA1c) concentrations were quantified using highperformance liquid chromatography (HPLC) with a D10 set (Bio-RAD). Estimated glomerular filtration rate (eGFR) is calculated using the MDRD formula (GFR (mL/min/1.73 m2) = 175 × (Scr/88.4)−1.154 × (Age)−0.203 × (0.742 if female)).
Fasting serum insulin, serum BTMs, including uncarboxylated osteocalcin (OC), procollagen type I N-terminal propeptide (TP1NP), and β-cross-linked C-telopeptide of type I collagen (β-CTX); intact parathyroid hormone (iPTH); and 25 hydroxyvitamin D (25-OH-D) were evaluated by the electrochemiluminescence immunoassay method on a Roche COBAS E 801 (Roche Diagnostics Corporation).
Measurement of PrFT
Measurement of PrFT was performed as previously described by our group (20), and ultrasound examinations were performed by a duplex Doppler apparatus (HITACHI HI VISION Preirus). PrFT and paranephric fat thickness (PnFT) were measured with the patient in the supine position. The probe was kept perpendicular to the skin on the lateral aspect of the abdomen. Longitudinal scanning was performed, and the probe was slowly moved laterally until the optimal position was found, at which the surface of the kidney was almost parallel to the skin. The pressure exerted on the probe was as minimal as possible so that the fat layers were not compressed. PrFT and PnFT were then determined from the inner side of the abdominal musculature to the surface of the kidney. The average of bilateral ultrasound measurements was calculated as the PrFT and PnFT. The correlation between PrFT values measured on both sides was 0.676 (P < 0.0001). The sonographer (Yuechao Xu) was blinded to any other aspect of the study.
Statistical analysis
Measurement data are represented by mean ± s.d. or median (interquartile range), count data are represented by χ2 test, comparison between groups is by t test or ANOVA, the correlation analysis uses Spearman correlation analysis method. In addition, in order to test the independent relationship between β-CTX and other test parameters, a multivariate model was constructed using multiple linear regression analysis based on β-CTX (dependent variable) and univariate significance variables. Significant independent variables are determined through an enter method, and a final model with sufficient statistical power is constructed. The data are expressed as unstandardized regression coefficients (B) and standardized regression coefficients (β). SPSS22.0 software was used for statistical processing. P < 0.05 was considered statistically significant.
Results
Clinical characteristics of the subjects
Characteristics of the overall the study population are shown in Table 1. The study population included 116 females and 118 males, whose age median was 61 (49, 70) years, and their diabetes duration was 10 (3, 15) years. Meanwhile, our subjects had a higher BMI so the mean value was 26.7 ± 4.3 kg/m2. Besides, some laboratory test indicators, like visceral fat, blood lipids, glycosylated hemoglobin and blood uric acid were shown. The median of β-CTX was 0.35(0.24, 0.53) ng/mL, the median of osteocalcin was 10.3 (8.1, 13.2) ng/mL, the median of TP1NP was 38.3 (28.8, 49.2) ng/mL, the median of iPTH was 29.9 (23.9, 37.8) pg/mL, and the mean value of PrFT in 234 patients with T2DM was 0.98 ± 0.49 cm.
Characteristics of the overall study population.
| Parameters | |
|---|---|
| Sex (males/females) | 118/116 |
| Age (year) | 61 (49, 70) |
| Diabetes duration (year) | 10 (3, 15) |
| BMI (kg/m2) | 26.7 ± 4.3 |
| WC (cm) | 96.1 ± 11.2 |
| VFA (cm2) | 103 (79, 140) |
| TG (mmol/L) | 1.44 (1.05, 2.03) |
| TC (mmol/L) | 4.10 (3.36, 5.08) |
| HDL-c (mmol/L) | 1.02 (0.87, 1.22) |
| LDL-c (mmol/L) | 2.86 ± 1.08 |
| eGFR (mL/min/1.73 m2) | 96.5 (80.0, 112) |
| UA (μmol/L) | 332 ± 101 |
| HbA1c (%) | 9.3 ± 2.2 |
| OC (ng/mL) | 10.3 (8.1, 13.2) |
| TP1NP (ng/mL) | 38.3 (28.8, 49.2) |
| β-CTX (ng/mL) | 0.35 (0.24, 0.53) |
| iPTH (pg/mL) | 29.9 (23.9, 37.8) |
| 25-OH-D (ng/mL) | 12.9 (9.6, 18.0) |
| PrFT (cm) | 0.98 ± 0.49 |
| PnFT (cm) | 1.01 ± 0.41 |
Data are represented by mean ± s.d. or median (interquartile range).
25-OH-D, 25 hydroxyvitamin D; eGFR, estimated glomerular filtration rate; HbA1c, glycated hemoglobin; HDL-c, high-density lipoprotein-cholesterol; iPTH, intact parathyroid hormone; LDL-c, low-density lipoprotein-cholesterol; OC, osteocalcin; PnFT, paranephric fat thickness; PrFT, perirenal fat thickness; TC, total cholesterol; TG, triglyceride; TP1NP, procollagen type I N-terminal propeptide; UA, uric acid; VFA, visceral fat area; WC, waist circumference; β-CTX, β-cross-linked C-telopeptide of type I collagen.
Correlations between PrFT and all the parameters
Table 2 showed the correlation between PrFT and all other parameters in 234 patients. The PrFT was significantly and positively correlated with sex (r = 0.33, P < 0.001), BMI (r = 0.40, P < 0.001), waist circumference (r = 0.46, P < 0.001), visceral fat area (r = 0.55, P < 0.001), triglyceride (r = 0.23, P < 0.001), high-density lipoprotein-cholesterol (r = −0.26, P < 0.001), uric acid (r = −0.26, P < 0.001), β-CTX (r = −0.14, P < 0.036), iPTH (r = −0.18, P ≤ 0.006), and 25-OH-D(r = −0.14, P = 0.001), whereas no correlation was found between PrFT and osteocalcin (r = −0.07, P = 0.287), TP1NP (r = −0.04, P = 0.593) or some general data and anthropometric measurements, such as age, diabetes duration, TC, LDL-c and HbA1c.
Correlations between PrFT and other parameters in subjects.
| Parameter | r | P value |
|---|---|---|
| Sex (males/females) | −0.33b | <0.001 |
| Age (year) | 0.06 | 0.340 |
| Diabetes duration (year) | 0.06 | 0.401 |
| BMI (kg/m2) | 0.40b | <0.001 |
| WC (cm) | 0.46b | <0.001 |
| VFA (cm2) | 0.55b | <0.001 |
| TG (mmol/L) | 0.23b | <0.001 |
| TC (mmol/L) | −0.11 | 0.096 |
| HDL-c (mmol/L) | −0.26b | <0.001 |
| LDL-c (mmol/L) | −0.08 | 0.206 |
| UA (μmol/L) | −0.26b | <0.001 |
| eGFR (ml/min/1.73 m2) | −0.16a | 0.018 |
| HbA1c (%) | −0.13 | 0.054 |
| OC (ng/mL) | −0.07 | 0.287 |
| TP1NP (ng/mL) | −0.04 | 0.593 |
| β-CTX (ng/mL) | −0.14a | 0.036 |
| iPTH (pg/mL) | −0.18a | 0.006 |
| 25-OH-D (ng/mL) | −0.14a | 0.036 |
aP < 0.05, bP < 0.01, r represents the Spearman correlation coefficient.
25-OH-D, 25 hydroxyvitamin D; eGFR, estimated glomerular filtration rate; HbA1c, glycated hemoglobin; HDL-c, high-density lipoprotein-cholesterol; iPTH, intact parathyroid hormone; LDL-c, low-density lipoprotein-cholesterol; OC, osteocalcin; PnFT, paranephric fat thickness; PrFT, perirenal fat thickness; TC, total cholesterol; TG, triglyceride; TP1NP, procollagen type I N-terminal propeptide; UA, uric acid; VFA, visceral fat area; WC, waist circumference; β-CTX, β-cross-linked C-telopeptide of type I collagen.
Correlations between β-CTX and all other parameters
Then we analyzed the correlation between β-CTX and all other parameters in all subjects. The β-CTX was significantly and positively correlated with OC (r = 0.66, P < 0.001), TP1NP (r = 0.66, P < 0.001), PTH (r = 0.28, P <0.001), diabetes duration (r = −0.18, P = 0.007) and PrFT(r = −0.14, P < 0.036) (Fig. 1), and negatively with PnFT, sex, age, BMI, visceral fat area and 25-OH-D (Table 3).
Correlations between PrFT and β-CTX overall study population. Note: β-CTX, β-cross-linked C-telopeptide of type I collagen; PrFT, perirenal fat thickness.
Citation: Endocrine Connections 10, 10; 10.1530/EC-21-0449
Correlations between β-CTX and other parameters.
| Parameter | r | P value |
|---|---|---|
| Sex (males/females) | 0.11 | 0.119 |
| Age (year) | −0.07 | 0.340 |
| Diabetes duration (year) | −0.18b | 0.007 |
| BMI (kg/m2) | −0.07 | 0.308 |
| WC (cm) | −0.03 | 0.686 |
| VFA (cm2) | −0.07 | 0.370 |
| TG (mmol/L) | 0.09 | 0.180 |
| TC (mmol/L) | 0.07 | 0.315 |
| HDL-c (mmol/L) | −0.05 | 0.450 |
| LDL-c (mmol/L) | 0.09 | 0.211 |
| eGFR (mL/min/1.73 m2) | −0.14a | 0.036 |
| UA (μmol/L) | −0.01 | 0.872 |
| HbA1c (%) | 0.03 | 0.714 |
| OC (ng/mL) | 0.66b | <0.001 |
| TP1NP (ng/mL) | 0.66b | <0.001 |
| iPTH (pg/mL) | 0.28b | <0.001 |
| 25-OH-D (ng/mL) | −0.03 | 0.715 |
| PrFT (cm) | −0.14a | 0.036 |
| PnFT (cm) | −0.08 | 0.224 |
aP < 0.05, bP < 0.01, r represents the Spearson correlation coefficient.
25-OH-D, 25 hydroxyvitamin D; eGFR, estimated glomerular filtration rate; HbA1c, glycated hemoglobin; HDL-c, high-density lipoprotein-cholesterol; iPTH, intact parathyroid hormone; LDL-c, low-density lipoprotein-cholesterol; OC, osteocalcin; PnFT, paranephric fat thickness; PrFT, perirenal fat thickness; TC, total cholesterol; TG, triglyceride; TP1NP, procollagen type I N-terminal propeptide; UA, uric acid; VFA, visceral fat area; WC, waist circumference; β-CTX, β-cross-linked C-telopeptide of type I collagen.
Multivariate analysis after correction for the confounding factors
As shown in Table 4, a multivariate model was constructed using multiple linear regression analysis based on β-CTX (dependent variable) and univariate significance variables. We confirmed that PrFT was independent and negatively associated with β-CTX (β = −0.136, P = 0.042) after adjusting other confounding factors, such as age, sex, diabetes duration, TP1NP, triglyceride and eGFR.
Multiple linear regression between β-CTX and PrFT in subjects under study.
| Unstandardized coefficient (B) | Standardized coefficient (β) | T | P value | |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| PrFT (cm) | −0.087 | −0.136a | −1.345 | 0.042 |
The model was adjusted other confounding factors, such as age, sex, diabetes duration, TP1NP, TG and eGFR.
aP < 0.05.
PrFT, perirenal fat thickness.
Discussion
The most important finding of our study is that PrFT is negatively correlated with β-CTX in T2DM patients, and this correlation remained significant after adjusting other confounding factors.
There is no existing evidence for the role of PrFT in bone metabolism. While ample evidence supports the view that fat mass, a component of total body weight and one of the most important indices of obesity, has a similar beneficial effect on increasing bone mass, thereby reducing the risk of osteoporosis, a longitudinal study showed that changes in BMD at most sites were positively related to the rate of change in fat mass (21, 22), and the EPIC study also showed that 'rapid' bone losers had significantly lower fat mass than the 'slow' bone losers (23). Some insight into how obesity may exert effects on bone can be obtained from biochemical markers of bone turnover. Compared to obesity, the difference in resorption markers may be greater than the difference in formation markers in those of normal weight (24). As we know, regional fat distribution may also influence bone mass (10). Subcutaneous and visceral fat have different metabolic profiles, and pro-inflammatory cytokines from visceral fat such as IL-6 and TNF-α increase bone resorption and so may have harmful effects on BMD (11). But our study has shown that β-CTX, a resorption marker, is negatively associated with VFA (r = −0.07, P = 0.370), the relationship may vary with age and gender (25, 26, 27).
Considering the differences in the structure and function of perirenal fat and paranephric fat, our study analyzed PrFT and PnFT separately and finally found that it was PrFT related to β-CTX rather than PnFT. This is mainly due to the fact that perirenal fat directly surrounds the kidney and has a complete system of blood supply, lymph fluid drainage, and innervation compared with other fat depots, which contributes to the uniqueness of perirenal fat while β-CTX is widely accepted to be a characteristic biomarker of bone resorption and osteoclast activity as well as a predictor of bone fracture in patients with diabetes (28). A clinical study documented the positive association between β-CTX and HbA1c in women with normal glucose tolerance, suggesting that bone may serve as a protective compensatory mechanism against subtle increases in HbA1c until the development of diabetes (29). Similarly, we observed a positive relationship between β-CTX and HbA1c (r = 0.03, P = 0.714), although statistically insignificant.
As we all know, perirenal fat is highly active in adipokine synthesis, especially those regulating bone metabolism. Adiponectin, an adipokine, has been shown to have a deleterious effect on bone metabolism (30, 31). Kamil et al. (30) showed that adiponectin at higher levels may have a direct influence on bone turnover and remodeling. The risk of fracture with greater levels of adiponectin may reflect greater osteoclast activation and bone resorption. Adiponectin is known to be inversely related to BMI, and it is currently considered as a marker of a disrupted adaptive response in overweight patients (30, 31). In the Health Aging and Body Composition Study, serum level of adiponectin was higher in overweight women with fracture than those without fracture (32). Another important factor is leptin, another adipokine, which has been demonstrated to interfere with bone metabolism through various mechanisms (32, 33). The leptin-mediated melanocortin-signaling pathways may contribute to bone resorption but not bone formation (32, 33). Besides, leptin inhibits bone formation through a central nervous effect (34). Moreover, adipose tissue also produces inflammatory cytokines, such as interleukin-6 (IL-6), that may negatively interfere with the balance between bone resorption and formation (30, 31).
Besides, many investigators have explored the association between PrFT and metabolism. PrFT has been confirmed to be related to metabolic risk factors such as UA, HDL-c, and TG (20), which is consistent with our results. The wide use of hypoglycemia agents in our study may explain the inconsistency. One study by Lamacchia and colleagues suggested that there was no significant relationship between PrFT and LDL-c in patients with T2DM (35), a similar result was found between PrFT and LDL-c in our research as well.
Above all, our study shows that PrFT is negatively correlated with β-CTX, a product of bone destruction, which means PrFT may positively interfere with the balance between bone resorption and formation. The mechanism may be related to the above-mentioned various factors secreted by PrFT, but the regulation of PrFT on bone metabolism still requires further clinical trials to explore further.
There are some limitations in our study as well. First, as our study is cross-sectionally designed, it could not establish a causal relationship between PrFT and β-CTX. Further studies are needed to illuminate the specific mechanism. Last, we measured PrFT and PnFT by ultrasonography instead of CT. Since ultrasonography is more convenient, fast to measure, and without radiation, it is widely utilized in clinical practice. According to a previous study (36), the intraoperator coefficient of variation was 4.5%. However, follow-up studies and further research are necessary to validate the associations and elucidate the underlying mechanisms.
Conclusion
In conclusion, this study showed a negative association between PrFT and β-CTX, after adjusting other confounding factors, such as age, sex, diabetes duration, TP1NP, TG and eGFR. Follow-up studies and further research are necessary to validate the associations and to elucidate the underlying mechanisms.
Declaration of interest
The authors declare that there is no conflict of interest that could be perceived as prejudicing the impartiality of the research reported.
Funding
This work did not receive any specific grant from funding agencies in the public, commercial, or not-for-profit sectors.
Ethics approval and consent to participate
All procedures performed in studies involving human participants were in accordance with the ethical standards of the institutional and/or national research committee and with the 1964 Helsinki declaration and its later amendments or comparable ethical standards. The study was approved by Ethics Committee of Beijing Luhe Hospital. This article does not contain any studies with animals performed by any of the authors.
Data availability
The data used to support the findings of this study are available from the corresponding author upon request.
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