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replacement therapy. Since then a growing body of clinical studies has been published describing the long-term effects of recombinant human parathyroid hormone rhPTH(1–84), other forms of parathyroid hormone-based therapies, and PTH receptor 1 (PTHR1) agonist
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Neuroendocrinology Division – Instituto Estadual do Cérebro Paulo Niemeyer, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
Endocrinology Division – Hospital Federal de Bonsucesso, Rio de Janeiro Brazil
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Neuroendocrinology Division – Instituto Estadual do Cérebro Paulo Niemeyer, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
Neuropatology and Molecular Genetics Laboratory – Instituto Estadual do Cérebro Paulo Niemeyer, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
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therapy and radiotherapy ( 4 , 6 , 7 ). Current treatments Surgical treatment Surgery is the gold standard treatment of acromegaly since it represents the only therapy capable of rapidly curing acromegaly ( 4 ). With experienced pituitary
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of treatment is to replace thyroid function but, in the latter condition, an additional aim is to keep the serum thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH) at the lower limit of the normal range and possibly below (TSH suppressive therapy) to improve the
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, locally advanced or metastatic PPGL, symptomatic or progressive disease is usually treated with chemotherapy, radionuclide therapy ( 131 I-metaiodobenzylguanidine ( 131 I-MIBG) and peptide receptor radionuclide therapy (PRRT)), external radiotherapy
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large multicentre study comparing the efficacy of intratympanic vs systemic steroid therapy demonstrated the same level of hearing improvement between the two groups (9) . However, for the time being, there is no consensus regarding the dose and
Center for International Health, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway
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Department of Microbiology, Innlandet Hospital Trust, Lillehammer, Norway
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Department of Clinical Science, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway
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Department of Research, Innlandet Hospital Trust, Lillehammer, Norway
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screening efforts ( 2 ). It remains unknown if levothyroxine therapy for mild forms of thyroid hypofunction has any beneficial effects. Yet, recent insights have suggested that the definition of thyroid dysfunction in guidelines published before 2017 has
Center for Clinical Metabolic Research, Gentofte Hospital, University of Copenhagen, Hellerup, Denmark
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Department of Clinical Medicine, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
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Department of Clinical Physiology and Nuclear Medicine, Bispebjerg and Frederiksberg Hospital, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
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Department of Clinical Pharmacology, Bispebjerg and Frederiksberg Hospital, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
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Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Basic Metabolic Research, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
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Department of Clinical Medicine, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
Steno Diabetes Center Copenhagen, Herlev, Denmark
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Department of Clinical Medicine, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
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Department of Clinical Medicine, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
Department of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
Steno Diabetes Center Copenhagen, Herlev, Denmark
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Introduction Hypothyroidism is a common endocrine disease, affecting about 3% of the general population ( 1 ), with levothyroxine substitution therapy being the standard treatment ( 2 , 3 ). Hypothyroidism is associated with increased body
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Introduction Neuroendocrine tumours (NETs) of the gastroenteropancreatic (GEP) system are often metastasized at the time of diagnosis and curative resection is not possible in all cases ( 1 , 2 ). Our knowledge on medical therapy of advanced
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Nemours/DuPont Hospital for Children, Wilmington, Delaware, USA
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reported to have historical auxological data consistent with being born SGA. The effectiveness of GH therapy for increasing short-term growth rates and adult height in patients with various growth disorders is well documented ( 6 , 7 , 8 , 9 , 10
Department of Surgery, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
Department of Urology, Royal Melbourne Hospital, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
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Department of Urology, Royal Melbourne Hospital, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
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Department of Urology, Royal Melbourne Hospital, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
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Australian Prostate Cancer Research Centre Epworth, Richmond, Victoria, Australia
Ontario Institute for Cancer Research, Toronto, Canada
Princess Margaret Cancer Centre, University Health Network, Toronto, Canada
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Peter MacCallum Cancer Centre, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
Department of Medical Biology, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
Sir Peter MacCallum Department of Oncology, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
Department of Mathematics and Statistics, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
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Department of Urology, Royal Melbourne Hospital, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
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Department of Urology, Royal Melbourne Hospital, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
Department of Urology, Frankston Hospital, Frankston, Victoria, Australia
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Introduction For over 80 years, androgen deprivation by surgical or medical castration has been the cornerstone of treatment for advanced prostate cancer ( 1 ). As new cytotoxic and androgen receptor-targeted therapies have been developed