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Isabel M Abreu Faculty of Medicine, University of Porto, Alameda Professor Hernâni Monteiro, Porto, Portugal

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Eva Lau Faculty of Medicine, University of Porto, Alameda Professor Hernâni Monteiro, Porto, Portugal
Department of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism, Centro Hospitalar S. João, Alameda Professor Hernâni Monteiro, Porto, Portugal
Instituto de Investigação e Inovação em Saúde, Universidade do Porto, Porto, Portugal

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Bernardo de Sousa Pinto Faculty of Medicine, University of Porto, Alameda Professor Hernâni Monteiro, Porto, Portugal

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Davide Carvalho Faculty of Medicine, University of Porto, Alameda Professor Hernâni Monteiro, Porto, Portugal
Department of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism, Centro Hospitalar S. João, Alameda Professor Hernâni Monteiro, Porto, Portugal
Instituto de Investigação e Inovação em Saúde, Universidade do Porto, Porto, Portugal

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Introduction Subclinical hypothyroidism (SCH) is diagnosed biochemically when both serum-free thyroxine (FT4) and free triiodothyronine (FT3) are within the normal range, whereas the serum thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH) is elevated ( 1

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Akinori Sairaku Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, Hiroshima University Graduate School of Biomedical and Health Sciences, Hiroshima, Japan

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Yukiko Nakano Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, Hiroshima University Graduate School of Biomedical and Health Sciences, Hiroshima, Japan

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Yuko Uchimura Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, Hiroshima University Graduate School of Biomedical and Health Sciences, Hiroshima, Japan

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Takehito Tokuyama Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, Hiroshima University Graduate School of Biomedical and Health Sciences, Hiroshima, Japan

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Hiroshi Kawazoe Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, Hiroshima University Graduate School of Biomedical and Health Sciences, Hiroshima, Japan

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Yoshikazu Watanabe Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, Hiroshima University Graduate School of Biomedical and Health Sciences, Hiroshima, Japan

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Hiroya Matsumura Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, Hiroshima University Graduate School of Biomedical and Health Sciences, Hiroshima, Japan

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Yasuki Kihara Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, Hiroshima University Graduate School of Biomedical and Health Sciences, Hiroshima, Japan

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subclinical hypothyroidism ( 5 , 6 ), defined as a mild thyroid underactive condition in which the serum thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH) concentration is raised while the serum thyroid hormone concentrations are normal ( 5 ). On the other hand, recent large

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L E Zijlstra Department of Cardiology, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands

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D M van Velzen Department of Internal Medicine, Section of Endocrinology, Northwest Clinics, Alkmaar, The Netherlands

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S Simsek Department of Internal Medicine, Section of Endocrinology, Northwest Clinics, Alkmaar, The Netherlands

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S P Mooijaart Department of Internal Medicine, Section of Gerontology and Geriatrics, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands

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M van Buren Department of Nephrology, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands
Department of Internal Medicine, HagaHospital, The Hague, The Netherlands

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D J Stott Institute of Cardiovascular and Medical Sciences, College of Medical, Veterinary and Life Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, UK

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I Ford Robertson Centre for Biostatistics, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, UK

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J W Jukema Department of Cardiology, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands

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S Trompet Department of Cardiology, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands
Department of Internal Medicine, Section of Gerontology and Geriatrics, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands

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Introduction Subclinical hyperthyroidism has been linked to atrial fibrillation and coronary artery calcification, whereas subclinical hypothyroidism has been associated with hypercholesterolemia and atherosclerosis ( 1 , 2 ). Despite these

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Aasem Saif Internal Medicine Department, Cairo University, Cairo, Egypt

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Shrook Mousa Internal Medicine Department, Cairo University, Cairo, Egypt

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Maha Assem Internal Medicine Department, Cairo University, Cairo, Egypt

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Nashwa Tharwat National Nutrition Institute, Cairo, Egypt

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Alaa Abdelhamid Internal Medicine Department, Cairo University, Cairo, Egypt
Vascular Laboratory, Cairo University, Cairo, Egypt

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such as dyslipidemia, hypercoagulable state, increased arterial stiffness, obesity and endothelial dysfunction ( 1 , 2 , 3 , 4 ). Current controversy centers on whether subclinical hypothyroidism (SCH) is associated with atherosclerosis. Some studies

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Ningning Gong Department of Endocrinology, Gansu Provincial Hospital, Lanzhou, China
Department of Clinical Medicine, Gansu University of Chinese Medicine, Lanzhou, Gansu, China

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Cuixia Gao Department of Ultrasonic Diagnosis, Gansu Provincial Hospital, Lanzhou, China

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Xuedi Chen Department of Endocrinology, Gansu Provincial Hospital, Lanzhou, China

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Yu Wang Department of Endocrinology, Gansu Provincial Hospital, Lanzhou, China

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Limin Tian Department of Endocrinology, Gansu Provincial Hospital, Lanzhou, China

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Introduction Subclinical hypothyroidism (sHT) is defined by increased thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH) with normal thyroid hormone concentrations. The prevalence of sHT is 4–20% in adults ( 1 ). Recently, a relationship between sHT and

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Ling Shan Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Institute of Endocrinology, Liaoning Provincial Key Laboratory of Endocrine Diseases, The First Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, People’s Republic of China
Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, People's Hospital of Liaoning Province, Shenyang, People’s Republic of China

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Yingying Zhou Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Institute of Endocrinology, Liaoning Provincial Key Laboratory of Endocrine Diseases, The First Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, People’s Republic of China

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Shiqiao Peng Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Institute of Endocrinology, Liaoning Provincial Key Laboratory of Endocrine Diseases, The First Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, People’s Republic of China

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Xinyi Wang Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Institute of Endocrinology, Liaoning Provincial Key Laboratory of Endocrine Diseases, The First Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, People’s Republic of China
Department of Laboratory Medical, The First Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, People’s Republic of China

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Zhongyan Shan Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Institute of Endocrinology, Liaoning Provincial Key Laboratory of Endocrine Diseases, The First Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, People’s Republic of China

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Weiping Teng Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Institute of Endocrinology, Liaoning Provincial Key Laboratory of Endocrine Diseases, The First Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, People’s Republic of China

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Introduction Subclinical hypothyroidism (SCH), characterized by elevated levels of thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH) with total thyroxine (TT4) within the normal reference range, is the most common type of thyroid disorder in pregnancy ( 1

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Jeonghoon Ha Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Department of Internal Medicine, College of Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea, Seoul, Korea

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Jeongmin Lee Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Department of Internal Medicine, College of Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea, Seoul, Korea

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Kwanhoon Jo Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Department of Internal Medicine, College of Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea, Seoul, Korea

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Dong-Jun Lim Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Department of Internal Medicine, College of Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea, Seoul, Korea

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Moo Il Kang Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Department of Internal Medicine, College of Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea, Seoul, Korea

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Bong Yun Cha Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Department of Internal Medicine, College of Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea, Seoul, Korea

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Min-Hee Kim Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Department of Internal Medicine, College of Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea, Seoul, Korea

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Introduction Subclinical hypothyroidism (SCH) is defined as a mildly elevated serum thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH) level with a serum free thyroxine (FT4) level within the normal range ( 1 ). While treatment of SCH is not mandatory in most

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Ursula M M Costa Division of Cardiology, Division of Endocrinology, Division of Endocrinology, Federal University of Sergipe, Aracaju, SE 49060-100, Brazil

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Carla R P Oliveira Division of Cardiology, Division of Endocrinology, Division of Endocrinology, Federal University of Sergipe, Aracaju, SE 49060-100, Brazil

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Roberto Salvatori Division of Cardiology, Division of Endocrinology, Division of Endocrinology, Federal University of Sergipe, Aracaju, SE 49060-100, Brazil

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José A S Barreto-Filho Division of Cardiology, Division of Endocrinology, Division of Endocrinology, Federal University of Sergipe, Aracaju, SE 49060-100, Brazil

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Viviane C Campos Division of Cardiology, Division of Endocrinology, Division of Endocrinology, Federal University of Sergipe, Aracaju, SE 49060-100, Brazil

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Francielle T Oliveira Division of Cardiology, Division of Endocrinology, Division of Endocrinology, Federal University of Sergipe, Aracaju, SE 49060-100, Brazil

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Ivina E S Rocha Division of Cardiology, Division of Endocrinology, Division of Endocrinology, Federal University of Sergipe, Aracaju, SE 49060-100, Brazil

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Joselina L M Oliveira Division of Cardiology, Division of Endocrinology, Division of Endocrinology, Federal University of Sergipe, Aracaju, SE 49060-100, Brazil

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Wersley A Silva Division of Cardiology, Division of Endocrinology, Division of Endocrinology, Federal University of Sergipe, Aracaju, SE 49060-100, Brazil

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Manuel H Aguiar-Oliveira Division of Cardiology, Division of Endocrinology, Division of Endocrinology, Federal University of Sergipe, Aracaju, SE 49060-100, Brazil

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non-affected siblings (18) . Because coronary disease presents with a long latency period, it is important to know if subclinical atherosclerosis exists in these IGHD subjects. To answer this, it is necessary to assess asymptomatic individuals (19

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Sweta Budyal Department of Endocrinology, Seth G S Medical College and KEM Hospital, Parel, Mumbai, Maharashtra 400012, India

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Swati Sachin Jadhav Department of Endocrinology, Seth G S Medical College and KEM Hospital, Parel, Mumbai, Maharashtra 400012, India

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Rajeev Kasaliwal Department of Endocrinology, Seth G S Medical College and KEM Hospital, Parel, Mumbai, Maharashtra 400012, India

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Hiren Patt Department of Endocrinology, Seth G S Medical College and KEM Hospital, Parel, Mumbai, Maharashtra 400012, India

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Shruti Khare Department of Endocrinology, Seth G S Medical College and KEM Hospital, Parel, Mumbai, Maharashtra 400012, India

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Vyankatesh Shivane Department of Endocrinology, Seth G S Medical College and KEM Hospital, Parel, Mumbai, Maharashtra 400012, India

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Anurag R Lila Department of Endocrinology, Seth G S Medical College and KEM Hospital, Parel, Mumbai, Maharashtra 400012, India

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Tushar Bandgar Department of Endocrinology, Seth G S Medical College and KEM Hospital, Parel, Mumbai, Maharashtra 400012, India

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Nalini S Shah Department of Endocrinology, Seth G S Medical College and KEM Hospital, Parel, Mumbai, Maharashtra 400012, India

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Introduction Subclinical Cushing's syndrome (SCS) is defined as autonomous cortisol secretion in patients without typical signs and symptoms of hypercortisolism, as in the classic Cushing's syndrome (CS) (1) . Screening for a rare disorder like SCS

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Nella Augusta Greggio Endocrinology and Adolescence Unit, Department of Woman and Child Health, University of Padova, Padova, Italy

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Elisa Rossi CINECA – Interuniversity Consortium (Health Service), Bologna, Italy

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Silvia Calabria CORE srl – Collaborative Outcome Research, Bologna, Italy

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Alice Meneghin Endocrinology and Adolescence Unit, Department of Woman and Child Health, University of Padova, Padova, Italy

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Joaquin Gutierrez de Rubalcava Endocrinology and Adolescence Unit, Department of Woman and Child Health, University of Padova, Padova, Italy

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Carlo Piccinni CORE srl – Collaborative Outcome Research, Bologna, Italy

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Antonella Pedrini CORE srl – Collaborative Outcome Research, Bologna, Italy

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Introduction Subclinical hypothyroidism (SH) is a biochemical condition defined as serum thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH) exceeding the limit of its reference range by age, while the concentration of serum free thyroxin (FT4) remains within

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