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Fidéline Bonnet-Serrano Université Paris Cité, Paris, France
Inserm U1016-CNRS UMR8104, Paris, France
Hormonology Department, Cochin Hospital, Paris, France

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Maxime Barat Université Paris Cité, Paris, France
Inserm U1016-CNRS UMR8104, Paris, France
Radiology Department, Cochin Hospital, Paris, France

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Anna Vaczlavik Université Paris Cité, Paris, France
Inserm U1016-CNRS UMR8104, Paris, France
Reference Center for Rare Adrenal Diseases, Endocrinology Department, Cochin Hospital, Paris, France

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Anne Jouinot Inserm U1016-CNRS UMR8104, Paris, France

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Lucas Bouys Université Paris Cité, Paris, France
Inserm U1016-CNRS UMR8104, Paris, France
Reference Center for Rare Adrenal Diseases, Endocrinology Department, Cochin Hospital, Paris, France

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Christelle Laguillier-Morizot Université Paris Cité, Paris, France
Hormonology Department, Cochin Hospital, Paris, France
INSERM, Physiopathologie et Pharmacotoxicologie Placentaire Humaine : Microbiote Pré & Post natal, Paris, France

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Corinne Zientek Hormonology Department, Cochin Hospital, Paris, France

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Catherine Simonneau Hormonology Department, Cochin Hospital, Paris, France

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Etienne Larger Université Paris Cité, Paris, France
Inserm U1016-CNRS UMR8104, Paris, France
Diabetology Department, Cochin Hospital, Paris, France

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Laurence Guignat Reference Center for Rare Adrenal Diseases, Endocrinology Department, Cochin Hospital, Paris, France

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Lionel Groussin Université Paris Cité, Paris, France
Inserm U1016-CNRS UMR8104, Paris, France
Reference Center for Rare Adrenal Diseases, Endocrinology Department, Cochin Hospital, Paris, France

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Guillaume Assié Université Paris Cité, Paris, France
Inserm U1016-CNRS UMR8104, Paris, France
Reference Center for Rare Adrenal Diseases, Endocrinology Department, Cochin Hospital, Paris, France

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Jean Guibourdenche Université Paris Cité, Paris, France
Hormonology Department, Cochin Hospital, Paris, France
INSERM, Physiopathologie et Pharmacotoxicologie Placentaire Humaine : Microbiote Pré & Post natal, Paris, France

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Ioannis Nicolis Université Paris Cité, Paris, France
UR 7537 BioSTM, Paris, France

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Marie-Claude Menet Institut de Chimie Physique, Université Paris-Saclay-CNRS, UMR8000, Orsay, France

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Jérôme Bertherat Université Paris Cité, Paris, France
Inserm U1016-CNRS UMR8104, Paris, France
Reference Center for Rare Adrenal Diseases, Endocrinology Department, Cochin Hospital, Paris, France

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-24 stimulation test is not only used to make the diagnosis of adrenal insufficiency, characterized by an insufficient response of cortisol, but is also very useful to detect partial enzymatic deficiency, characterized by an explosive response of the steroid

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Paul-Martin Holterhus Department of Pediatrics I, Pediatric Endocrinology and Diabetology, University Hospital of Schleswig-Holstein, UKSH, Campus Kiel and Christian Albrechts University, CAU, Kiel, Germany

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Alexandra Kulle Department of Pediatrics I, Pediatric Endocrinology and Diabetology, University Hospital of Schleswig-Holstein, UKSH, Campus Kiel and Christian Albrechts University, CAU, Kiel, Germany

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Anne-Marie Till Department of Pediatrics, Pediatric Hematology and Oncology, University Hospital of Schleswig-Holstein, UKSH, Campus Lübeck, Germany

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Caroline Stille Department of Pediatrics, Pediatric Hematology and Oncology, University Hospital of Schleswig-Holstein, UKSH, Campus Lübeck, Germany

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Tabea Lamprecht Department of Pediatrics I, Pediatric Endocrinology and Diabetology, University Hospital of Schleswig-Holstein, UKSH, Campus Kiel and Christian Albrechts University, CAU, Kiel, Germany

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Simon Vieth Department of Pediatrics I, Pediatric Hematology and Oncology, University Hospital of Schleswig-Holstein, UKSH, Campus Kiel and Christian-Albrechts-University, CAU, Kiel, Germany

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Melchior Lauten Department of Pediatrics, Pediatric Hematology and Oncology, University Hospital of Schleswig-Holstein, UKSH, Campus Lübeck, Germany

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adrenal gland-related toxicity in ALL ( 3 , 4 , 5 , 6 , 7 , 8 ). However, adrenal insufficiency may affect different steroids differently and each effect may have distinct clinical consequences. Global adrenal insufficiency affects both

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Supitcha Patjamontri Developmental Endocrinology Research Group, University of Glasgow, Royal Hospital for Children, Glasgow, UK
Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Department of Pediatrics, Faculty of Medicine Siriraj Hospital, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand

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Alexander Spiers MRC Centre for Environment and Health, Imperial College London, London, UK
NIHR Health Protection Research Unit on Chemical Radiation Threats and Hazards, Imperial College London, London, UK

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Rachel B Smith MRC Centre for Environment and Health, Imperial College London, London, UK
NIHR Health Protection Research Unit on Chemical Radiation Threats and Hazards, Imperial College London, London, UK
National Institute for Health Research (NIHR) Health Protection Research Unit in Environmental Exposures and Health, Imperial College London, London, UK
Mohn Centre for Children’s Health and Wellbeing, Imperial College London, London, UK

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Chen Shen MRC Centre for Environment and Health, Imperial College London, London, UK
NIHR Health Protection Research Unit on Chemical Radiation Threats and Hazards, Imperial College London, London, UK

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Jo Adaway Department of Clinical Biochemistry, Manchester University NHS Foundation Trust, Manchester Academic Health Science Centre, The University of Manchester, Manchester, UK

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Brian G Keevil Department of Clinical Biochemistry, Manchester University NHS Foundation Trust, Manchester Academic Health Science Centre, The University of Manchester, Manchester, UK

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Mireille B Toledano MRC Centre for Environment and Health, Imperial College London, London, UK
NIHR Health Protection Research Unit on Chemical Radiation Threats and Hazards, Imperial College London, London, UK
National Institute for Health Research (NIHR) Health Protection Research Unit in Environmental Exposures and Health, Imperial College London, London, UK
Mohn Centre for Children’s Health and Wellbeing, Imperial College London, London, UK

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S Faisal Ahmed Developmental Endocrinology Research Group, University of Glasgow, Royal Hospital for Children, Glasgow, UK

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Introduction Pubertal progress is accompanied by a steady increase in a wide range of sex steroids that are produced by the adrenal glands and the gonads. The increase of serum testosterone and free testosterone during puberty is well

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Sophie Howarth Clinical and Translational Research Institute, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, UK
Department of Endocrinology, The Newcastle upon Tyne Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Newcastle upon Tyne, UK

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Luca Giovanelli Department of Endocrinology, The Newcastle upon Tyne Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Newcastle upon Tyne, UK

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Catherine Napier Department of Endocrinology, The Newcastle upon Tyne Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Newcastle upon Tyne, UK

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Simon H Pearce Clinical and Translational Research Institute, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, UK
Department of Endocrinology, The Newcastle upon Tyne Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Newcastle upon Tyne, UK

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as type 1 diabetes, autoimmune hypothyroidism and pernicious anaemia. Complex interplay between genetic and environmental factors gives rise to immune-mediated destruction of the steroid-producing cells of the adrenal cortex. As in type 1 diabetes

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Avinaash Maharaj Centre for Endocrinology, John Vane Science Centre, Queen Mary University of London, London, UK

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Ruth Kwong Centre for Endocrinology, John Vane Science Centre, Queen Mary University of London, London, UK

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Jack Williams Centre for Endocrinology, John Vane Science Centre, Queen Mary University of London, London, UK

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Christopher Smith Centre for Endocrinology, John Vane Science Centre, Queen Mary University of London, London, UK

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Helen Storr Centre for Endocrinology, John Vane Science Centre, Queen Mary University of London, London, UK

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Ruth Krone Birmingham Children’s Hospital, Birmingham, UK

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Debora Braslavsky Centro de Investigaciones Endocrinológicas ‘Dr. Cesar Bergadá’ (CEDIE) – CONICET – FEI – División de Endocrinología, Hospital de Niños ‘Ricardo Gutiérrez’, Buenos Aires, Argentina

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Maria Clemente Paediatric Endocrinology, Growth and Development Research Unit, Vall d’Hebron Research Institute (VHIR), Hospital Vall d’Hebron, CIBERER, Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Barcelona, Spain

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Nanik Ram Department of Endocrinology, The Aga Khan University Hospital, Karachi, Pakistan

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Indraneel Banerjee Department of Paediatric Endocrinology, Royal Manchester Children’s Hospital, Manchester, UK

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Semra Çetinkaya Health Sciences University, Dr. Sami Ulus Obstetrics and Gynaecology, Children’s Health and Disease Education and Research Hospital, Ankara, Turkey

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Federica Buonocore Genetics and Genomic Medicine Research and Teaching Department, UCL Great Ormond Street Institute of Child Health, University College London, London, UK

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Tülay Güran Department of Paediatric Endocrinology and Diabetes, Marmara University, School of Medicine, Istanbul, Turkey

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John C Achermann Genetics and Genomic Medicine Research and Teaching Department, UCL Great Ormond Street Institute of Child Health, University College London, London, UK

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Louise Metherell Centre for Endocrinology, John Vane Science Centre, Queen Mary University of London, London, UK

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Rathi Prasad Centre for Endocrinology, John Vane Science Centre, Queen Mary University of London, London, UK

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which primary adrenal insufficiency (PAI) and steroid-resistant nephrotic syndrome (SRNS) necessitating renal transplantation predominate ( 1 , 2 , 3 , 4 ). Additional clinical features including ichthyosis, progressive neurological disease, primary

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Ditte Sofie Dahl Sørensen Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Rigshospitalet, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark

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Jesper Krogh Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Rigshospitalet, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark

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Åse Krogh Rasmussen Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Rigshospitalet, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark

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Mikkel Andreassen Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Rigshospitalet, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark

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Introduction Congenital adrenal hyperplasia (CAH) is a group of autosomal recessive disorders caused by enzyme defects in the steroid biosynthesis of the adrenal cortex. In approximately 95% of cases, the disorder is caused by a pathogenic

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Huifei Sophia Zheng Department of Anatomy, Physiology and Pharmacology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Auburn University, Auburn, Alabama

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Jeffrey G Daniel Department of Anatomy, Physiology and Pharmacology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Auburn University, Auburn, Alabama

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Julia M Salamat Department of Anatomy, Physiology and Pharmacology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Auburn University, Auburn, Alabama

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Laci Mackay Department of Anatomy, Physiology and Pharmacology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Auburn University, Auburn, Alabama

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Chad D Foradori Department of Anatomy, Physiology and Pharmacology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Auburn University, Auburn, Alabama

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Robert J Kemppainen Department of Anatomy, Physiology and Pharmacology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Auburn University, Auburn, Alabama

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Satyanarayana R Pondugula Department of Anatomy, Physiology and Pharmacology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Auburn University, Auburn, Alabama

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Ya-Xiong Tao Department of Anatomy, Physiology and Pharmacology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Auburn University, Auburn, Alabama

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Chen-Che Jeff Huang Department of Anatomy, Physiology and Pharmacology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Auburn University, Auburn, Alabama

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catecholamine synthesis-associated genes were considered DEG, several genes associated with the regulation of neurotransmitter secretion (GO:0046928, fold enrichment of 4.0, FDR P = 0.000407) were included in the Dex-upregulated genes. Regarding steroid

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Gregory Knowles Walsall Manor Hospital, Walsall, UK

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Emily Warmington College of Medical and Dental Sciences, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, UK

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Lisa M Shepherd Department of Endocrinology, University Hospitals Birmingham NHS Foundation Trust, Birmingham, UK
Institute of Metabolism and Systems Research, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, UK

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Jonathan M Hazlehurst Department of Endocrinology, University Hospitals Birmingham NHS Foundation Trust, Birmingham, UK
Institute of Applied Health Research, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, UK

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Anne de Bray Department of Endocrinology, University Hospitals Birmingham NHS Foundation Trust, Birmingham, UK
Institute of Metabolism and Systems Research, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, UK

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Helena Gleeson Department of Endocrinology, University Hospitals Birmingham NHS Foundation Trust, Birmingham, UK

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Wiebke Arlt Department of Endocrinology, University Hospitals Birmingham NHS Foundation Trust, Birmingham, UK
Institute of Metabolism and Systems Research, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, UK
Medical Research Council London Institute of Medical Sciences, London, UK

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Alessandro Prete Department of Endocrinology, University Hospitals Birmingham NHS Foundation Trust, Birmingham, UK
Institute of Metabolism and Systems Research, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, UK
NIHR Birmingham Biomedical Research Centre, University of Birmingham and University Hospitals Birmingham NHS Foundation Trust, Birmingham, UK

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Introduction Primary adrenal insufficiency (PAI) is characterised by inadequate steroid hormone secretion caused by intrinsic adrenal cortex disease ( 1 ). The most common causes of PAI are Addison’s disease (AD), usually resulting from

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Simone Martins de Castro Hospital Materno Infantil Presidente Vargas, Newborn Screening Referral Center, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil
Department of Analysis, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul (UFRGS), School of Pharmacy, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil

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Paloma Wiest Universidade Federal de Ciências da Saúde de Porto Alegre (UFCSPA), Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil

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Poli Mara Spritzer Division of Endocrinology, Department of Physiology, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul (UFRGS), Hospital de Clínicas de Porto Alegre (HCPA), Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil

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Cristiane Kopacek Hospital Materno Infantil Presidente Vargas, Newborn Screening Referral Center, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil
Universidade Federal de Ciências da Saúde de Porto Alegre (UFCSPA), Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil
Department of Pediatrics, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul (UFRGS), Medical School, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil

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overlapping disease spectrum because many compound heterozygous patients carry more than one mutation on either or both CYP21A2 alleles ( 7 ). In salt-wasting CAH, there is no cortisol or aldosterone production with a consequent increase in steroid

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Martin Wiegand MRC Biostatistics Unit, School of Clinical Medicine, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK

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David J Halsall Cambridge University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Cambridge, UK

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Sarah L Cowan Cambridge University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Cambridge, UK

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Kevin Taylor Cambridge University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Cambridge, UK

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Robert J B Goudie MRC Biostatistics Unit, School of Clinical Medicine, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK

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Jacobus Preller Cambridge University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Cambridge, UK

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Mark Gurnell Cambridge University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Cambridge, UK
Wellcome–MRC Institute of Metabolic Science, University of Cambridge and NIHR Cambridge Biomedical Research Centre, Addenbrooke’s Hospital, Cambridge, UK

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sample was reconstituted in 350 μL of steroid-free serum (DRG Instruments GmbH, Marburg, Germany). Extraction efficiency was calculated using a cohort of 15 anonymised COVID-19 negative control subjects (data not shown). Extraction efficiency was shown to

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