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, 4 , 5 , 6 ), somatic RET mutations are the most frequent alterations found in sporadic MTC. Although a large spectrum of RET mutations are described, the commonest alteration is the p.Met918Thr mutation in exon 16 of the RET gene ( 1 ). In
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genetic alterations associated with sporadic PC are inactivating somatic mutations of the CDC73/HRPT2 gene. Sporadic PC may also be associated with other abnormalities, including p53 and retinoblastoma gene mutations. Alterations of the PI3K
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mutations, chromosome alteration and DNA methylation profile, or at the RNA level, including transcriptome and targeted gene expression profiles. Intratumor heterogeneity of somatic mutations has been reported in many cancer types ( 12 , 13 , 14 ). In a
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mutations of the RET protooncogene. It accounts for about 20–30% of all MTC cases. Sporadic MTC is mainly related to somatic RET mutations, noticed in approximately 50% of cases ( 1 ). While 18–80% of RET -negative sporadic MTC harbor HRAS, KRAS , or
Diagnósticos da América SA, Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
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Neuroendocrinology Unit, Instituto Estadual do Cérebro Paulo Niemeyer, Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
Endocrinology Unit, Hospital Federal de Bonsucesso, Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
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National Cancer Institute, Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
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Molecular Genetics Laboratory, Instituto Estadual do Cérebro Paulo Niemeyer, Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
Neuroendocrinology Unit, Instituto Estadual do Cérebro Paulo Niemeyer, Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
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.2)/Cell Marque, dilution 1:2000) to differentiate sparsely from densely granulated tumors. Nine frozen and three paraffin-embedded tissue samples of the enrolled patients were available for genetic screening for somatic AIP gene mutations. In cases
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/168 in its C-terminal part. Although CDKN1B is considered to be a tumor suppressor gene, somatic loss-of-function mutations in this gene have rarely been detected in different cancers (17, 18, 19) . Conversely, loss or decreased expression of the P27
Wolfson Diabetes and Endocrine Centre, Addenbrooke’s Hospital, Cambridge, UK
IMED Biotech Unit, Clinical Discovery Unit, AstraZeneca, UK
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, and associated with multiple endocrine neoplasia (MEN)-1 ( 1 ). Although single-copy deletion and somatic mutations in Menin have been identified in some sporadic insulinoma, it is now recognised that a recurrent somatic mutation in the transcription
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address the progression from well-differentiated thyroid carcinoma (WDTC) to PDTC. BRAF , TP53 , RAS While tumour-initiating somatic mutations leading to papillary thyroid carcinoma have been researched to a great extent, it remains uncertain
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CHU Lille, Service de Biochimie Hormonologie, Métabolisme, Nutrition-Oncologie, Centre de Biologie Pathologie Génétique, Lille, France
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extent normal cell admixture may have contributed to the allelic count. We also excluded, by Sanger sequencing, the presence of an additional somatic MAX mutation, which might have functioned as the second hit in the absence of LOH in the DNA extracted
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of underlying molecular mechanisms in the tumorigenesis of these diseases has increased dramatically during the last decade (1) . Up to 80% of all PCC and PGL could have either germline or somatic mutations (2, 3, 4) in one of the 11 hitherto known