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Institute of Genetic Medicine, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, UK
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differences ( 5 , 6 , 7 , 8 , 9 , 10 ). Sexual dimorphism in HPA-axis activity has been suggested to be already present in early childhood. A recent meta-analysis suggested that boys and girls differed in basal HPA-axis activity, as assessed by salivary
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, Daniel Macouzet Iturbe, and Francisco Pérez Eugenio from the Computer Unit, IFC, UNAM. References 1 Deng H Jasper H . Sexual dimorphism: how female cells win the race . Current Biology 2016 26 R212 – R21 5 . ( https://doi.org/10
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comparable body condition, suggesting that there may be some sexual dimorphism in the roles it plays and possibly the tissues it targets. In women, leptin circulates at much higher concentrations with reports ranging from 40 to 300% higher than that found in
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Introduction Sexual dimorphisms of some dozen or more hormone- and drug-metabolizing constituent cytochromes P450 (CYPs) observed in rats, humans, and many other species examined ( 1 ) are defined by two characteristics. (i) Following puberty
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(In this review, we use the term ‘sex’ to refer to biological aspects of male or female development, whereas we use the term ‘gender’ to refer to an individual’s self-reported sense of gender.) differences before puberty, skeletal sexual dimorphism
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Introduction The sexual dimorphism in the mechanisms involved in the regulation of somatotroph axis is well documented, and it might account for some of the sex differences in growth rate and body composition ( 1 ). Indeed, sex hormones are
Department of Molecular Endocrinology, National Research Institute for Child Health and Development, Setagaya, Tokyo, Japan
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Department of Molecular Endocrinology, National Research Institute for Child Health and Development, Setagaya, Tokyo, Japan
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Research Center for Environment and Developmental Medical Sciences, Kyushu University, Higashi-ku, Fukuoka, Japan
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Research Center for Environment and Developmental Medical Sciences, Kyushu University, Higashi-ku, Fukuoka, Japan
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Department of Molecular Endocrinology, National Research Institute for Child Health and Development, Setagaya, Tokyo, Japan
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of age or later ( 1 , 4 , 5 , 6 ). Thus, sexual dimorphism in blood sex hormone levels is evident in children above 8 years of age. Furthermore, ultra-sensitive hormone assays using liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS) have
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inconsistencies may be related to the sexual dimorphism in kisspeptin expression, its serum concentrations, and the distribution of kisspeptin receptors, which are believed to explain some of the developmental differences between males and females ( 19 , 20
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have been proposed to account for the remarkable sexual dimorphism of most human autoimmune diseases (46) . The effects of X chromosomal genes (47, 48, 49) , the effects of Y chromosomal genes (50, 51, 52, 53) , fetal microchimerism in mothers (54
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adrenal X-zone . Journal of Endocrinology 2019 241 R51 – R63 . ( https://doi.org/10.1530/JOE-18-0632 ) 53 El Wakil A Mari B Barhanin J Lalli E . Genomic analysis of sexual dimorphism of gene expression in the mouse adrenal gland . Hormone and