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of the gastrointestinal (GI) tract ( 9 , 10 ). Serotonin (5-hydroxytryptamine, 5-HT) is synthesized mainly (95%) by GI EE cells and in smaller amounts in the central nervous system ( 11 ). Its synthesis is derived from tryptophan (Trp) in a two
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well established that SI-NETs secrete a wide array of bioactive molecules, with a central role for the bioamine serotonin ( 2 , 3 ). Serotonin signaling is involved in various biological processes. Importantly, it can promote fibrosis development in
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Bioinformatics Research Center, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, North Carolina, USA
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Center for Human Health and the Environment, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, North Carolina, USA
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Center for Human Health and the Environment, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, North Carolina, USA
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proliferation and migration, myelination and differentiation ( 86 , 87 ). That placental norepinephrine levels were reduced in low-dose females is also of interest given that gestational exposure to serotonin-norepinephrine reuptake inhibitors (SNRIs) can
Nutrition et Neurobiologie intégrée, UMR 1286, University of Bordeaux, Bordeaux, France
Groupe de Biologie Spécialisée, Société Française de Médecine Nucléaire, Paris, France
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Nutrition et Neurobiologie intégrée, UMR 1286, University of Bordeaux, Bordeaux, France
Groupe de Biologie Spécialisée, Société Française de Médecine Nucléaire, Paris, France
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not discuss the level of diagnosis performed to quantify these analytes as this was covered in many publications. Urinary metabolite of serotonin, 5 hydroxy-indole acetic acid Because neuroendocrine cells may secrete serotonin, its main
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exclusively seen in patients with liver metastases, or metastases outside the abdominal cavity, as serotonin and other secretory products from the primary tumor are metabolized in the liver at first pass. Reportedly, 10–18% of patients with small intestinal
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-methylxanthine (I7018), forskolin (F6886) and serotonin (H9523) were purchased from Sigma-Aldrich. All other chemicals were of the highest grade of purity commercially available. Cell culture A549/GFP cells and co-cultures were maintained in DMEM, and
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(5-HIAA; in serotonin-secreting tumors) have been used in this capacity ( 29 ). Secretory (monoanalyte) biomarkers for specific tumor types (insulinoma: insulin, gastrinoma: gastrin, glucagonoma: glucagon and VIPoma: VIP) are effective serum
Endocrinology & Metabolism Unit, CTO A. Alesini Hospital ASL Roma 2, Department of Systems Medicine, University of Rome Tor Vergata, Rome, Italy
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mesenteric fibrosis ( 9 , 10 ). Serotonin is one of the most important biomarkers related to the development of CS, mesenteric fibrosis and carcinoid heart disease. Serotonin is produced in large amounts by NEN cells, most commonly in patients with NENs in
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). Carcinoid syndrome (CS) is characterized by increased secretion of serotonin, and other biogenic amines and peptides. It manifests as a set of symptoms including diarrhea, skin flushing, and abdominal pain ( 15 ). Patients with liver metastases frequently
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in PCOS could be associated with increased HPA activity ( 11 ). Treatment with specific serotonin reuptake inhibitor (SSRI) is the first choice for depression and 16.3% Danish women with PCOS had prescriptions of antidepressants ( 6 ). The possible