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Ruth Therese Casey Department of Endocrinology, University of Cambridge, Cambridge Biomedical Research Centre, Addenbrooke’s Hospital, Cambridge, UK

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Deborah Saunders East Anglian Regional Radiation Protection Service, Cambridge University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Cambridge, UK

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Benjamin George Challis Department of Endocrinology, University of Cambridge, Cambridge Biomedical Research Centre, Addenbrooke’s Hospital, Cambridge, UK

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Deborah Pitfield Department of Endocrinology, University of Cambridge, Cambridge Biomedical Research Centre, Addenbrooke’s Hospital, Cambridge, UK

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Heok Cheow Department of Radiology, Cambridge University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Cambridge, UK

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Ashley Shaw Department of Radiology, Cambridge University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Cambridge, UK

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Helen Lisa Simpson Wolfson Diabetes and Endocrine Clinic, Institute of Metabolic Science, Addenbrooke’s Hospital, Cambridge University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Cambridge, UK

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data have demonstrated a 3-fold increase in the per capita individual radiation exposure from medical diagnostic radiation sources over the past 25 years ( 5 ). The majority of evidence supporting ionising radiation as a carcinogen has been derived from

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Joanna Klubo-Gwiezdzinska National Institute of Health, NIDDK, Office 10 Center Drive, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
Division of Endocrinology, Department of Medicine, Medstar Washington Hospital Center, Washington Hospital Center, Northwest, Washington, District of Columbia, USA

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John Costello Jr Department of Pediatrics, Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences, Bethesda, Maryland, USA

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Kirk Jensen Department of Pediatrics, Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences, Bethesda, Maryland, USA

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Aneeta Patel Department of Pediatrics, Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences, Bethesda, Maryland, USA

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Rok Tkavc Department of Pathology, Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences, Henry M. Jackson Foundation for the Advancement of Military Medicine, Bethesda, Maryland, USA

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Douglas Van Nostrand Division of Endocrinology, Department of Medicine, Medstar Washington Hospital Center, Washington Hospital Center, Northwest, Washington, District of Columbia, USA

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Kenneth D Burman Division of Endocrinology, Department of Medicine, Medstar Washington Hospital Center, Washington Hospital Center, Northwest, Washington, District of Columbia, USA

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Leonard Wartofsky Division of Endocrinology, Department of Medicine, Medstar Washington Hospital Center, Washington Hospital Center, Northwest, Washington, District of Columbia, USA

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Vasyl Vasko Department of Pediatrics, Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences, Bethesda, Maryland, USA

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thyroid cancer cells, radiation causes irreparable damage to critical targets within the cell, such as DNA, RNA, proteins and lipids, leading to cell death. Nevertheless, subsequent to radiation, a number of defense mechanisms and processes are initiated

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Mette Marie Baunsgaard Department of Clinical Medicine, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark
Department of Pediatrics and Adolescent Medicine, Aarhus University Hospital, Aarhus, Denmark

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Anne Sophie Lind Helligsoe Department of Clinical Medicine, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark
Department of Pediatrics and Adolescent Medicine, Aarhus University Hospital, Aarhus, Denmark

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Louise Tram Henriksen Department of Clinical Medicine, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark
Department of Pediatrics and Adolescent Medicine, Aarhus University Hospital, Aarhus, Denmark

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Torben Stamm Mikkelsen Department of Clinical Medicine, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark
Department of Pediatrics and Adolescent Medicine, Aarhus University Hospital, Aarhus, Denmark

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Michael Callesen Department of Paediatrics, Odense University Hospital, Odense, Funen, Denmark

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Britta Weber The Danish Center for Particle Therapy, Aarhus University Hospital, Aarhus, Denmark

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Henrik Hasle Department of Clinical Medicine, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark
Department of Pediatrics and Adolescent Medicine, Aarhus University Hospital, Aarhus, Denmark

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Niels Birkebæk Department of Clinical Medicine, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark
Department of Pediatrics and Adolescent Medicine, Aarhus University Hospital, Aarhus, Denmark
Steno Diabetes Center Aarhus, Aarhus University Hospital, Aarhus, Denmark

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). Irradiation-induced GHD is dose-dependent ( 19 ), might occur even after low radiation doses ( 20 ), and can evolve over time years after treatment has been completed ( 21 ). The consequences of GHD are many: reduced linear growth in children, decreased bone

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C Chiapponi Department of General, Visceral, Cancer and Transplant Surgery, University Hospital of Cologne, Cologne, Germany

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H Alakus Department of General, Visceral, Cancer and Transplant Surgery, University Hospital of Cologne, Cologne, Germany

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M Faust Polyclinic for Endocrinology, Diabetes and Preventive Medicine, University Hospital of Cologne, Cologne, Germany

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A M Schultheis Department of Pathology, University Hospital of Cologne, Cologne, Germany

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J Rosenbrock Department of Radiation Therapy, University Hospital of Cologne, Cologne, Germany

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M Schmidt Department of Nuclear Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University Hospital of Cologne, Cologne, Germany

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guidelines ( 11 ). In fact, there is currently no adjuvant systemic treatment that can eliminate residual disease and R0 resection is pivotal. For inoperable cases or frequent structural recurrence after repetitive surgery, external beam radiation (EBRT) is

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Hyun-Ah Kim Department of Surgery, Korea Cancer Center Hospital, Korea Institute of Radiological and Medical Sciences, Seoul, Republic of Korea

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Jihye Choi Department of Surgery, Korea Cancer Center Hospital, Korea Institute of Radiological and Medical Sciences, Seoul, Republic of Korea

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Chan Sub Park Department of Surgery, Korea Cancer Center Hospital, Korea Institute of Radiological and Medical Sciences, Seoul, Republic of Korea

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Min-Ki Seong Department of Surgery, Korea Cancer Center Hospital, Korea Institute of Radiological and Medical Sciences, Seoul, Republic of Korea

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Sung-Eun Hong Department of Translational Research, Korea Institute of Radiological and Medical Sciences, Seoul, Republic of Korea

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Jae-Sung Kim Division of Basic Radiation Bioscience, Korea Institute of Radiological and Medical Sciences, Seoul, Republic of Korea

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In-Chul Park Division of Basic Radiation Bioscience, Korea Institute of Radiological and Medical Sciences, Seoul, Republic of Korea

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Jin Kyung Lee KIRAMS Radiation Biobank, Korea Institute of Radiological and Medical Sciences, Seoul, Republic of Korea

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Woo Chul Noh Department of Surgery, Korea Cancer Center Hospital, Korea Institute of Radiological and Medical Sciences, Seoul, Republic of Korea

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the ASTRRA trial investigators
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Institute of Radiological and Medical Sciences (KIRAMS) Radiation Biobank. The study was approved by the institutional review board of the Korea Cancer Center Hospital (IRB No: K-1604-002-035). Statistical analysis The serum levels of post

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Helga Schultz Department of Cardiology, Nephrology and Endocrinology, Nordsjællands Hospital, Hillerød, Denmark

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Svend Aage Engelholm Department of Radiation Oncology, Rigshospitalet, Copenhagen, Denmark
Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark

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Eva Harder Department of Oncology and Palliation, Nordsjællands Hospital, Hillerød, Denmark

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Ulrik Pedersen-Bjergaard Department of Cardiology, Nephrology and Endocrinology, Nordsjællands Hospital, Hillerød, Denmark
Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark

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Peter Lommer Kristensen Department of Cardiology, Nephrology and Endocrinology, Nordsjællands Hospital, Hillerød, Denmark

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cohort study including patients from the Department of Radiation Oncology at Rigshospitalet, Copenhagen. Patients with a tentative diagnosis of MSCC are referred to the unit 24 h a day 7 days a week from an area with approximately 2.4 million inhabitants

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Ann R Webb Department of Earth and Environmental Sciences, University of Manchester, Manchester, UK

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Rehab Alghamdi Department of Earth and Environmental Sciences, University of Manchester, Manchester, UK
Department of Clinical Nutrition, Faculty of Applied Medical Sciences, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia

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Richard Kift Department of Earth and Environmental Sciences, University of Manchester, Manchester, UK

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Lesley E Rhodes Centre for Dermatology Research, School of Biological Sciences, The University of Manchester and Salford Royal NHS Foundation Trust, Manchester, UK

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two routes to acquiring vitamin D, by ingestion either through the diet or as supplement and through cutaneous synthesis initiated by the exposure of skin to UV radiation, specifically its UVB component. Modern diets do not, in general, provide for the

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Izabelle Lövgren Division of Cancer Sciences, School of Medical Sciences, Faculty of Biology, Medicine and Health, The University of Manchester, Manchester, UK

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Azadeh Abravan Division of Cancer Sciences, School of Medical Sciences, Faculty of Biology, Medicine and Health, The University of Manchester, Manchester, UK
Radiotherapy Related Research, The Christie NHS Foundation Trust, Manchester, UK

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Abigail Bryce-Atkinson Division of Cancer Sciences, School of Medical Sciences, Faculty of Biology, Medicine and Health, The University of Manchester, Manchester, UK

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Marcel van Herk Division of Cancer Sciences, School of Medical Sciences, Faculty of Biology, Medicine and Health, The University of Manchester, Manchester, UK
Radiotherapy Related Research, The Christie NHS Foundation Trust, Manchester, UK

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chemotherapy, radiation therapy (RT), and surgical resection of a tumour. These treatments are often combined to minimise the risk of tumour recurrence. In this review, the focus is on external beam RT which involves the use of high-energy radiation to create

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Lauren E Henke Department of Radiation Oncology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri, USA

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John D Pfeifer Department of Pathology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri, USA

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Thomas J Baranski Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes, and Metabolism, Department of Internal Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine, Saint Louis, Missouri, USA

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Todd DeWees Division of Biomedical Statistics and Informatics, Mayo Clinic, Scottsdale, Arizona, USA

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Perry W Grigsby Department of Radiation Oncology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri, USA
Division of Nuclear Medicine, Mallinckrodt Institute of Radiology, Washington University School of Medicine, Saint Louis, Missouri, USA

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Protection Office at Washington University School of Medicine, including retrospective chart review (protocol number 201010705) with waiver of consent. Records of 1712 patients with invasive thyroid cancer who were referred to the Department of Radiation

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David S McLaren Department of Endocrinology, Leeds Centre for Diabetes & Endocrinology, Leeds Teaching Hospital NHS Trust, Leeds, UK

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Aarani Devi Clinical Oncology, Leeds Cancer Centre, Leeds Teaching Hospital NHS Trust, Leeds, UK

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Nikolaos Kyriakakis Department of Endocrinology, Leeds Centre for Diabetes & Endocrinology, Leeds Teaching Hospital NHS Trust, Leeds, UK

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Michelle Kwok-Williams Clinical Oncology, Leeds Cancer Centre, Leeds Teaching Hospital NHS Trust, Leeds, UK

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Robert D Murray Department of Endocrinology, Leeds Centre for Diabetes & Endocrinology, Leeds Teaching Hospital NHS Trust, Leeds, UK
Division of Cardiovascular and Diabetes Research, Leeds Institute of Cardiovascular and Metabolic Medicine (LICAMM), University of Leeds, Leeds, UK

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treatment. Over 40% of the population of CAYA cancer survivors suffer from severe, disabling, or life-threatening complications in the 30 years following diagnosis ( 3 ). Although the cause of these complications is multi-factorial, radiation-induced adverse

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