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metastasizes locally to hilar lymph nodes, and also distally to other organs ( 5 ). Regarding the management of pulmonary carcinoids, Caplin and coworkers ( 6 ) have published a recent European Neuroendocrine Tumor Society expert consensus with
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Introduction Pulmonary carcinoid (PC) tumors are low- and intermediate-grade neoplasms that are subdivided into typical carcinoid (TC) and atypical carcinoid (AC) based on the mitotic count and presence of necrosis ( 1 ). PCs belong to
Institute of Cardiovascular Sciences, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, UK
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Department of Hepatology and Liver Transplantation, University Hospitals Birmingham (Queen Elizabeth), NHS Hospitals Foundation Trust, Birmingham, UK
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Bhabra MS Steeds RP . Transcatheter pulmonary and tricuspid valve-in-valve replacement for bioprosthesis degeneration in carcinoid heart disease . European Heart Journal Cardiovascular Imaging 2016 114 . ( https://doi.org/10.1093/ehjci/jev279
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Nuclear Medicine Unit, Department of Medicine – DIMED, University-Hospital of Padova, Padova, Italy
Padova Neuroscience Center PNC, University of Padova, Padova, Italy
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Department of Mathematics ‘Tullio Levi-Civita’ DM, University of Padova, Padova, Italy
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despite a meticulous and extended follow-up ( 4 , 7 ). The most common tumours in EAS are thoracic (lung or mediastinal carcinoids, small cell-lung carcinoma SCLC, thymic tumours and medullary thyroid carcinomas) or abdominal neoplasms (islet cell tumours
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alterations between atypical carcinoid and LCNEC for TP53 , RB1 and MEN1 ( 7 , 9 ). Figure 1 Ki-67 proliferation indices (PIs) in the spectrum of pulmonary neuroendocrine neoplasms. Carcinoids have a Ki-67 PI ≤20%, whereas LCNEC and SCLC generally
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. Patients were required to have a second visit within 6 months of initial presentation for inclusion in the database. The following rare tumor types were excluded: poorly differentiated pulmonary tumors, high-grade pulmonary or bronchial carcinoids, tumors
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# 0 3 (lung nodules)** 0 0 107 53 NA – Bilateral adrenalectomy ACTH, adrenocorticotrophic hormone; LDDS, low-dose dexamethasone suppression; BPC, bronchopulmonary carcinoid; DIPNECH, diffuse idiopathic pulmonary neuroendocrine
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Faculty of Life Sciences and Medicine, Kings College London, London, UK
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Department of Clinical Biochemistry, King’s College Hospital NHS Foundation Trust, Denmark Hill, London, UK
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Neuroendocrine Tumour Unit, Kings Health Partners ENETS Centre of Excellence, Denmark Hill, London, UK
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Barts and the London School of Medicine, Centre for Endocrinology, William Harvey Institute, London, UK
Neuroendocrine Tumour Unit, Royal Free Hospital, London, UK
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Faculty of Life Sciences and Medicine, Kings College London, London, UK
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, parathyroid glands, larynx, oesophagus, thymus, lung, small intestine, liver, bladder and adrenals, all of which can resemble MTC histologically ( 3 , 5 , 10 , 12 ). Around 1% of normal pulmonary tissue is made up of neuroendocrine cells, which can be
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with EAS. The most common are those of neuroendocrine origin, namely small-cell lung carcinoma (3.3–50%), bronchial carcinoid (4.8–38.9%), thymic carcinoid (4.7–10.6%), medullary thyroid carcinoma (MTC) (1.9–11.6%), gastroenteropancreatic neuroendocrine
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malignancies originating from different parts of the human body. More than one half (about 70%) occurs in the gastrointestinal tract, while the other 25% occurs mostly in the broncho-pulmonary system ( 3 , 4 ). NENs that affect the bronchial tree are called