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Elinor Chelsom Vogt Department of Clinical Science, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway
K.G. Jebsen Center for Autoimmune Disorders, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway
Department of Medicine, Haukeland University Hospital, Bergen, Norway

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Francisco Gómez Real Department of Clinical Science, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway
Department of Gynecology and Obstetrics, Haukeland University Hospital, Bergen, Norway

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Eystein Sverre Husebye Department of Clinical Science, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway
K.G. Jebsen Center for Autoimmune Disorders, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway
Department of Medicine, Haukeland University Hospital, Bergen, Norway

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Sigridur Björnsdottir Department of Molecular Medicine and Surgery, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
Department of Endocrinology, Metabolism and Diabetes, Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden

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Bryndis Benediktsdottir Medical Faculty, University of Iceland, Reykjavik, Iceland
Department of Sleep, Landspitali University Hospital Reykjavík, Reykjavik, Iceland

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Randi Jacobsen Bertelsen Department of Clinical Science, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway

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Pascal Demoly University Hospital of Montpellier, IDESP, Univ Montpellier-Inserm, Montpellier, France

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Karl Anders Franklin Department of Surgical and Perioperative Sciences, Surgery, Umeå University, Umeå, Sweden

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Leire Sainz de Aja Gallastegui Unit of Epidemiology and Public Health, Department of Health, Basque Government, Vitoria-Gasteiz, Spain

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Francisco Javier Callejas González Department of Respiratory Medicine, Albacete University Hospital, Albacete, Spain

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Joachim Heinrich Institute and Clinic for Occupational, Social and Environmental Medicine, University Hospital, LMU Munich, Munich, Germany
Allergy and Lung Health Unit, Melbourne School of Population and Global Health, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia

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Mathias Holm Occupational and Environmental Medicine, School of Public Health and Community Medicine, Institute of Medicine, Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden

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Nils Oscar Jogi Department of Clinical Science, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway

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Benedicte Leynaert Université Paris-Saclay, Inserm U1018, Center for Epidemiology and Population Health, Integrative Respiratory Epidemiology Team, Villejuif, France

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Eva Lindberg Department of Medical Sciences, Respiratory, Allergy and Sleep Medicine, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden

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Andrei Malinovschi Department of Medical Sciences, Clinical Physiology, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden

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Jesús Martínez-Moratalla Pneumology Service of the General University Hospital of Albacete, Albacete, Spain
Albacete Faculty of Medicine, Castilla-La Mancha University, Albacete, Spain

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Raúl Godoy Mayoral Department of Respiratory Medicine, Albacete University Hospital, Albacete, Spain

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Anna Oudin Section of Sustainable Health, Department of Public Health and Clinical Medicine, Umeå University, Umeå, Sweden

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Antonio Pereira-Vega Juan Ramón Jiménez University Hospital in Huelva, Huelva, Spain

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Chantal Raherison Semjen INSERM, EpiCene Team U1219, University of Bordeaux, Talence, France

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Vivi Schlünssen Department of Public Health, Environment, Work and Health, Danish Ramazzini Centre, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark
The National Research Center for the Working Environment, Copenhagen, Denmark

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Kai Triebner Department of Clinical Science, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway

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Marianne Øksnes Department of Clinical Science, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway
K.G. Jebsen Center for Autoimmune Disorders, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway
Department of Medicine, Haukeland University Hospital, Bergen, Norway

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hypoestrogenism. If the deficiency is located in the ovary, it is referred to as primary ovarian insufficiency (POI), characterized by low estradiol levels promoting high follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH) levels, due to lack of negative feedback ( 9 ). Early

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Isabelle Flechtner Center for Rare Gynecological Disorders, Centre des Pathologies Gynécologiques Rares, Paris, France
Department of Paediatric Endocrinology, Gynaecology, and Diabetology, AP-HP, Necker-Enfants Malades University Hospital, IMAGINE Institute affiliate, Paris, France

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Magali Viaud Center for Rare Gynecological Disorders, Centre des Pathologies Gynécologiques Rares, Paris, France
Department of Paediatric Endocrinology, Gynaecology, and Diabetology, AP-HP, Necker-Enfants Malades University Hospital, IMAGINE Institute affiliate, Paris, France

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Dulanjalee Kariyawasam Department of Paediatric Endocrinology, Gynaecology, and Diabetology, AP-HP, Necker-Enfants Malades University Hospital, IMAGINE Institute affiliate, Paris, France

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Marie Perrissin-Fabert Center for Rare Gynecological Disorders, Centre des Pathologies Gynécologiques Rares, Paris, France
Department of Paediatric Endocrinology, Gynaecology, and Diabetology, AP-HP, Necker-Enfants Malades University Hospital, IMAGINE Institute affiliate, Paris, France

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Maud Bidet Center for Rare Gynecological Disorders, Centre des Pathologies Gynécologiques Rares, Paris, France
Department of Paediatric Endocrinology, Gynaecology, and Diabetology, AP-HP, Necker-Enfants Malades University Hospital, IMAGINE Institute affiliate, Paris, France

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Anne Bachelot Center for Rare Gynecological Disorders, Centre des Pathologies Gynécologiques Rares, Paris, France
Department of Endocrinology and Reproductive Medicine, AP-HPIE3M, Hôpital Pitié-Salpêtrière, ICAN, Paris, France

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Philippe Touraine Center for Rare Gynecological Disorders, Centre des Pathologies Gynécologiques Rares, Paris, France
Department of Endocrinology and Reproductive Medicine, AP-HPIE3M, Hôpital Pitié-Salpêtrière, ICAN, Paris, France

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Philippe Labrune Department of Pediatrics, APHP, Centre de Référence des Maladies héréditaires du Métabolisme Hépatique, Hopital Antoine Béclère and Paris Sud University, Clamart, France

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Pascale de Lonlay Reference Center of Inherited Metabolic Diseases, Université de Paris, Necker Enfants Malades, University Hospital, Paris, France
Centre for Rare Gynecological Disorders, Hospital Universitaire Necker-Enfants Malades, Paediatric Endocrinology, Gynaecology and Diabetology, AP-HP, Université de Paris, Paris, France

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Michel Polak Center for Rare Gynecological Disorders, Centre des Pathologies Gynécologiques Rares, Paris, France
Department of Paediatric Endocrinology, Gynaecology, and Diabetology, AP-HP, Necker-Enfants Malades University Hospital, IMAGINE Institute affiliate, Paris, France
Centre for Rare Gynecological Disorders, Hospital Universitaire Necker-Enfants Malades, Paediatric Endocrinology, Gynaecology and Diabetology, AP-HP, Université de Paris, Paris, France

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I et al . Fertility in adult women with classic galactosemia and primary ovarian insufficiency . Fertility and Sterility 2017 108 168 – 174 . ( https://doi.org/10.1016/j.fertnstert.2017.05.013 ) 29 Gubbels CS Kuppens SMI Bakker JA

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Kaisu Luiro Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Reproductive Medicine Unit, Helsinki University Hospital and University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland

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Kristiina Aittomäki Department of Medical Genetics, Helsinki University Hospital, Helsinki, Finland

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Pekka Jousilahti Department of Public Health Solutions, National Institute for Health and Welfare, Helsinki, Finland

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Juha S Tapanainen Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Reproductive Medicine Unit, Helsinki University Hospital and University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of Oulu and Oulu University Hospital, Medical Research Center, PEDEGO Research Unit, Oulu, Finland

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Introduction Primary ovarian insufficiency (POI) is a clinical condition defined by loss of ovarian activity before the age of 40 years ( 1 ). Characteristic features include menstrual disturbances (amenorrhea or oligomenorrhea), elevated

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Luca Persani Department of Medical Biotechnology and Translational Medicine, University of Milan, Milan, Italy
Department of Endocrinology and Metabolic Diseases, IRCCS Istituto Auxologico Italiano, Milan, Italy

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Martine Cools Departments of Internal Medicine and Paediatrics and of Paediatric Endocrinology, Ghent University Hospital, Ghent, Belgium

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Stamatina Ioakim Department of Medical Biotechnology and Translational Medicine, University of Milan, Milan, Italy

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S Faisal Ahmed Developmental Endocrinology Research Group, School of Medicine, Dentistry & Nursing, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, United Kingdom

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Silvia Andonova National Genetic Laboratory, UHOG “Maichin dom", Medical University, Sofia, Bulgaria

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Magdalena Avbelj-Stefanija Department for Pediatric Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolic Diseases, University Children's Hospital, University Medical Centre Ljubljana, Ljubljana, Slovenia

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Federico Baronio Pediatric Unit, IRCCS Azienda Ospedaliero-Universitaria di Bologna, Bologna, Italy

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Jerome Bouligand Université Paris-Saclay, Inserm UMRS1185 & Service de Génétique Moléculaire, Pharmacogénétique et Hormonologie, Hôpital Bicêtre, France

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Hennie T Bruggenwirth Department of Clinical Genetics, Erasmus MC, University Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands

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Justin H Davies Faculty of Medicine, University of Southampton, Southampton, United Kingdom

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Elfride De Baere Departments of Internal Medicine and Paediatrics and of Paediatric Endocrinology, Ghent University Hospital, Ghent, Belgium

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Iveta Dzivite-Krisane Children’s University Hospital, Riga, Latvia

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Paula Fernandez-Alvarez Department of Clinical and Molecular Genetics, Vall d'Hebron University Hospital, Barcelona, Spain

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Alexander Gheldof Center for Medical Genetics, Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Universitair Ziekenhuis Brussel, Brussels, Belgium

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Claudia Giavoli Unit of Endocrinology, Fondazione IRCCS Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, Milano, Italy
Department of Clinical Sciences and Community Health, University of Milan, Milan, Italy

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Claus H Gravholt Departments of Endocrinology, of Clinical Medicine and of Molecular Medicine, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark

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Olaf Hiort University Hospital Schleswig-Holstein, Campus Lübeck, and University of Lübeck, Lübeck, Germany

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Paul-Martin Holterhus University Hospital Schleswig-Holstein, Campus Kiel, Kiel, Germany

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Anders Juul Departments of Growth and Reproduction and of Clinical Medicine, Copenhagen University Hospital – Rigshospitalet, Copenhagen, Denmark

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Csilla Krausz Endocrinology and Andrology Units, University Hospital of Careggi and Department of Experimental and Clinical Biomedical Sciences "Mario Serio", University of Florence, Florence, Italy

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Kristina Lagerstedt-Robinson Department of Clinical Genetics, Karolinska University Laboratory, Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden

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Ruth McGowan Developmental Endocrinology Research Group, School of Medicine, Dentistry & Nursing, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, United Kingdom
West of Scotland Centre for Genomic Medicine, Queen Elizabeth University Hospital, Glasgow, United Kingdom

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Uta Neumann Charité Medicine University, Berlin, Germany

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Antonio Novelli Translational Cytogenomics Research Unit, Bambino Gesù Children's Hospital IRCCS, Rome, Italy

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Xavier Peyrassol Universitè Libre di Bruxelles, Brussels, Belgium

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Leonidas A Phylactou Cyprus Institute of Neurology and Genetics, Nicosia, Cyprus

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Julia Rohayem University Hospital Münster, Munster, Germany

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Philippe Touraine Center for Rare Endocrine and Gynecological Disorders, Department of endocrinology and reproductive Medicine, Hospital Pitié Salpêtrière, Paris, France

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Dineke Westra Department of Human Genetics, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, The Netherlands

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Valeria Vezzoli Department of Endocrinology and Metabolic Diseases, IRCCS Istituto Auxologico Italiano, Milan, Italy

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Raffaella Rossetti Department of Endocrinology and Metabolic Diseases, IRCCS Istituto Auxologico Italiano, Milan, Italy

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hypogonadism (CHH) or unexplained 46,XX primary ovarian insufficiency (POI). These conditions are rare, with variable and complex aetiology, and their differential diagnosis using only clinical and biochemical parameters may be difficult ( 3 ). Therefore, NGS

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L M Mongioì Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Catania, Catania, Italy

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R A Condorelli Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Catania, Catania, Italy

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S La Vignera Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Catania, Catania, Italy

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A E Calogero Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Catania, Catania, Italy

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Introduction Adrenal insufficiency (AI) is a disease caused by either primary adrenal failure (Addison’s disease, over 90% due to autoimmune adrenalitis) ( 1 ) or by hypothalamic–pituitary impairment of the corticotropic axis alone or in

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Kathrin Zopf Department of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Nutrition, Charité – Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, and Berlin Institute of Health, Berlin, Germany

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Kathrin R Frey Department of Medicine I, Endocrine and Diabetes Unit, University Hospital, University of Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany

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Tina Kienitz Department of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Nutrition, Charité – Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, and Berlin Institute of Health, Berlin, Germany

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Manfred Ventz Department of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Nutrition, Charité – Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, and Berlin Institute of Health, Berlin, Germany

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Britta Bauer Endocrinology in Charlottenburg, Berlin, Germany

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Marcus Quinkler Endocrinology in Charlottenburg, Berlin, Germany

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AC might be influenced by the Bcl I polymorphism. Therefore, we included 72 patients with adrenal insufficiency (47 patients with primary adrenal insufficiency (PAI) and 25 patients with congenital adrenal hyperplasia (CAH)) in a prospective

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Deirdre Green Academic Department of Endocrinology, Beaumont Hospital and the Royal College of Surgeons in Ireland, Dublin

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Rosemary Dineen Academic Department of Endocrinology, Beaumont Hospital and the Royal College of Surgeons in Ireland, Dublin

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Michael W O’Reilly Academic Department of Endocrinology, Beaumont Hospital and the Royal College of Surgeons in Ireland, Dublin

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Mark Sherlock Academic Department of Endocrinology, Beaumont Hospital and the Royal College of Surgeons in Ireland, Dublin

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wishing to conceive or explore fertility preservation. Primary ovarian insufficiency may precede Addison’s disease ( 36 ); however, it is unclear if all women with clinically idiopathic POI should be tested for autoantibodies to 21-hydroxylase (21OHAb) and

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Natacha Driessens Université libre de Bruxelles (ULB), Hôpital Universitaire de Bruxelles (HUB), CUB Hôpital Erasme, Department of Endocrinology, Route de Lennik, Brussels, Belgium

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Madhu Prasai Université libre de Bruxelles (ULB), Hôpital Universitaire de Bruxelles (HUB), CUB Hôpital Erasme, Department of Endocrinology, Route de Lennik, Brussels, Belgium

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Orsalia Alexopoulou Department of Endocrinology, Cliniques Universitaires Saint Luc, Brussels, Belgium

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Christophe De Block Department of Endocrinology-Diabetology-Metabolism, Universitair Ziekenhuis Antwerpen & University of Antwerp, Drie Eikenstraat, Edegem, Belgium

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Eva Van Caenegem Department of Endocrinology, Academisch Ziekenhuis Sint-Jan Brugge – Oostende AV, Ruddershove, Brugge, Belgium

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Guy T’Sjoen Department of Endocrinology, Ghent Universitary Hospital, C. Heymanslaan, Gent, Belgium

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Frank Nobels Department of Endocrinology, Onze-Lieve Vrouw Ziekenhuis, Moorselbaan, Aalst, Belgium

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Christophe Ghys Department of Endocrinology, Universitair Ziekenhuis Brussel, Laarbeeklaan, Brussels, Belgium

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Laurent Vroonen Department of Endocrinology, Cliniques Universitaires de Liège, Avenue de l’hôpital, Liège, Belgium

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Corinne Jonas Department of Endocrinology, CHU UCL Namur - Godinne, Avenue Docteur Gaston Thérasse, Yvoir, Belgium

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Bernard Corvilain Université libre de Bruxelles (ULB), Hôpital Universitaire de Bruxelles (HUB), CUB Hôpital Erasme, Department of Endocrinology, Route de Lennik, Brussels, Belgium

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Dominique Maiter Department of Endocrinology, Cliniques Universitaires Saint Luc, Brussels, Belgium

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Introduction Primary adrenal insufficiency (PAI) is a rare disease, most commonly of auto-immune origin. There is a global variation in prevalence from 80 to 145 per million in Europe, with the highest case numbers reported in Scandinavian

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Avinaash Maharaj Centre for Endocrinology, John Vane Science Centre, Queen Mary University of London, London, UK

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Ruth Kwong Centre for Endocrinology, John Vane Science Centre, Queen Mary University of London, London, UK

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Jack Williams Centre for Endocrinology, John Vane Science Centre, Queen Mary University of London, London, UK

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Christopher Smith Centre for Endocrinology, John Vane Science Centre, Queen Mary University of London, London, UK

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Helen Storr Centre for Endocrinology, John Vane Science Centre, Queen Mary University of London, London, UK

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Ruth Krone Birmingham Children’s Hospital, Birmingham, UK

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Debora Braslavsky Centro de Investigaciones Endocrinológicas ‘Dr. Cesar Bergadá’ (CEDIE) – CONICET – FEI – División de Endocrinología, Hospital de Niños ‘Ricardo Gutiérrez’, Buenos Aires, Argentina

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Maria Clemente Paediatric Endocrinology, Growth and Development Research Unit, Vall d’Hebron Research Institute (VHIR), Hospital Vall d’Hebron, CIBERER, Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Barcelona, Spain

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Nanik Ram Department of Endocrinology, The Aga Khan University Hospital, Karachi, Pakistan

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Indraneel Banerjee Department of Paediatric Endocrinology, Royal Manchester Children’s Hospital, Manchester, UK

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Semra Çetinkaya Health Sciences University, Dr. Sami Ulus Obstetrics and Gynaecology, Children’s Health and Disease Education and Research Hospital, Ankara, Turkey

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Federica Buonocore Genetics and Genomic Medicine Research and Teaching Department, UCL Great Ormond Street Institute of Child Health, University College London, London, UK

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Tülay Güran Department of Paediatric Endocrinology and Diabetes, Marmara University, School of Medicine, Istanbul, Turkey

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John C Achermann Genetics and Genomic Medicine Research and Teaching Department, UCL Great Ormond Street Institute of Child Health, University College London, London, UK

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Louise Metherell Centre for Endocrinology, John Vane Science Centre, Queen Mary University of London, London, UK

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Rathi Prasad Centre for Endocrinology, John Vane Science Centre, Queen Mary University of London, London, UK

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which primary adrenal insufficiency (PAI) and steroid-resistant nephrotic syndrome (SRNS) necessitating renal transplantation predominate ( 1 , 2 , 3 , 4 ). Additional clinical features including ichthyosis, progressive neurological disease, primary

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Thabiso R P Mofokeng Department of Medicine, University of the Free State, Bloemfontein, South Africa

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Salem A Beshyah Department of Medicine, Dubai Medical College, Duabi, United Arab Emirates
Department of Endocrinology, Mediclinic Airport Road Hospital, Abu Dhabi, United Arab Emirates

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Fazleh Mahomed Department of Medicine, University of the Free State, Bloemfontein, South Africa

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Kwazi C Z Ndlovu Department of Medicine, University of the Free State, Bloemfontein, South Africa

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Ian L Ross Division of Endocrinology, Department of Medicine, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa

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Introduction Primary adrenal insufficiency (PAI) is a rare, potentially fatal, but treatable disease ( 1 , 2 ). The estimated prevalence of PAI in South Africa is three per million ( 3 ), in contrast to Western countries in which prevalence

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