Rebeca Esquivel-Zuniga
Rebeca Esquivel-Zuniga
Department of Pediatrics, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, Virginia, USA
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Alan D Rogol
Alan D Rogol
Department of Pediatrics, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, Virginia, USA
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hypogonadotropic hypogonadism, primary hypogonadism and functional hypogonadism, which must be considered in adolescents with DP. Hypogonadism and its medical and psychological consequences can be underestimated or overlooked in patients with chronic illness
Nandini Shankara Narayana
Nandini Shankara Narayana
Andrology Department, Concord Hospital and, ANZAC Research Institute, University of Sydney, Sydney, Australia
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Lam P Ly
Lam P Ly
Andrology Department, Concord Hospital and, ANZAC Research Institute, University of Sydney, Sydney, Australia
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Veena Jayadev
Veena Jayadev
Andrology Department, Concord Hospital and, ANZAC Research Institute, University of Sydney, Sydney, Australia
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Carolyn Fennell
Carolyn Fennell
Andrology Department, Concord Hospital and, ANZAC Research Institute, University of Sydney, Sydney, Australia
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Sasha Savkovic
Sasha Savkovic
Andrology Department, Concord Hospital and, ANZAC Research Institute, University of Sydney, Sydney, Australia
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Ann J Conway
Ann J Conway
Andrology Department, Concord Hospital and, ANZAC Research Institute, University of Sydney, Sydney, Australia
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David J Handelsman
David J Handelsman
Andrology Department, Concord Hospital and, ANZAC Research Institute, University of Sydney, Sydney, Australia
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data of patients. Men were divided into primary (hypergonadotrophic), secondary (hypogonadotrophic) hypogonadism or transmen groups with the causes of hypogonadism described previously ( 14 ). Injections were administered by experienced nurses
Shruti Khare
Shruti Khare
Department of Endocrinology, Seth GS Medical College and KEM Hospital, Parel, Mumbai 400012, India
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Anurag R Lila
Anurag R Lila
Department of Endocrinology, Seth GS Medical College and KEM Hospital, Parel, Mumbai 400012, India
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Hiren Patt
Hiren Patt
Department of Endocrinology, Seth GS Medical College and KEM Hospital, Parel, Mumbai 400012, India
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Chaitanya Yerawar
Chaitanya Yerawar
Department of Endocrinology, Seth GS Medical College and KEM Hospital, Parel, Mumbai 400012, India
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Manjunath Goroshi
Manjunath Goroshi
Department of Endocrinology, Seth GS Medical College and KEM Hospital, Parel, Mumbai 400012, India
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Tushar Bandgar
Tushar Bandgar
Department of Endocrinology, Seth GS Medical College and KEM Hospital, Parel, Mumbai 400012, India
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Nalini S Shah
Nalini S Shah
Department of Endocrinology, Seth GS Medical College and KEM Hospital, Parel, Mumbai 400012, India
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=45/50) had resumption of regular menses. In the male patients where baseline biochemistry was available, 62.5% ( n =20/32) had recovery of hypogonadism i.e., normalisation of testosterone. Twelve patients who were referred post-primary TSS had
Rui-yi Tang
Rui-yi Tang
Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Peking Union Medical College, Chinese Academy of Medical Science, Beijing, People’s Republic of China
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Rong Chen
Rong Chen
Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Peking Union Medical College, Chinese Academy of Medical Science, Beijing, People’s Republic of China
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Miao Ma
Miao Ma
Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Peking Union Medical College, Chinese Academy of Medical Science, Beijing, People’s Republic of China
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Shou-qing Lin
Shou-qing Lin
Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Peking Union Medical College, Chinese Academy of Medical Science, Beijing, People’s Republic of China
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Yi-wen Zhang
Yi-wen Zhang
Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Peking Union Medical College, Chinese Academy of Medical Science, Beijing, People’s Republic of China
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Ya-ping Wang
Ya-ping Wang
Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Peking Union Medical College, Chinese Academy of Medical Science, Beijing, People’s Republic of China
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Introduction Idiopathic hypogonadotropic hypogonadism (IHH) is also known as congenital hypogonadotropic hypogonadism. This rare clinically and genetically heterogeneous disorder is characterized by complete or partial pubertal failure, which
Luca Persani
Luca Persani
Department of Medical Biotechnology and Translational Medicine, University of Milan, Milan, Italy
Department of Endocrinology and Metabolic Diseases, IRCCS Istituto Auxologico Italiano, Milan, Italy
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Department of Endocrinology and Metabolic Diseases, IRCCS Istituto Auxologico Italiano, Milan, Italy
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Martine Cools
Martine Cools
Departments of Internal Medicine and Paediatrics and of Paediatric Endocrinology, Ghent University Hospital, Ghent, Belgium
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Stamatina Ioakim
Stamatina Ioakim
Department of Medical Biotechnology and Translational Medicine, University of Milan, Milan, Italy
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S Faisal Ahmed
S Faisal Ahmed
Developmental Endocrinology Research Group, School of Medicine, Dentistry & Nursing, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, United Kingdom
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Silvia Andonova
Silvia Andonova
National Genetic Laboratory, UHOG “Maichin dom", Medical University, Sofia, Bulgaria
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Magdalena Avbelj-Stefanija
Magdalena Avbelj-Stefanija
Department for Pediatric Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolic Diseases, University Children's Hospital, University Medical Centre Ljubljana, Ljubljana, Slovenia
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Federico Baronio
Federico Baronio
Pediatric Unit, IRCCS Azienda Ospedaliero-Universitaria di Bologna, Bologna, Italy
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Jerome Bouligand
Jerome Bouligand
Université Paris-Saclay, Inserm UMRS1185 & Service de Génétique Moléculaire, Pharmacogénétique et Hormonologie, Hôpital Bicêtre, France
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Hennie T Bruggenwirth
Hennie T Bruggenwirth
Department of Clinical Genetics, Erasmus MC, University Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
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Justin H Davies
Justin H Davies
Faculty of Medicine, University of Southampton, Southampton, United Kingdom
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Elfride De Baere
Elfride De Baere
Departments of Internal Medicine and Paediatrics and of Paediatric Endocrinology, Ghent University Hospital, Ghent, Belgium
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Iveta Dzivite-Krisane
Iveta Dzivite-Krisane
Children’s University Hospital, Riga, Latvia
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Paula Fernandez-Alvarez
Paula Fernandez-Alvarez
Department of Clinical and Molecular Genetics, Vall d'Hebron University Hospital, Barcelona, Spain
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Alexander Gheldof
Alexander Gheldof
Center for Medical Genetics, Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Universitair Ziekenhuis Brussel, Brussels, Belgium
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Claudia Giavoli
Claudia Giavoli
Unit of Endocrinology, Fondazione IRCCS Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, Milano, Italy
Department of Clinical Sciences and Community Health, University of Milan, Milan, Italy
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Department of Clinical Sciences and Community Health, University of Milan, Milan, Italy
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Claus H Gravholt
Claus H Gravholt
Departments of Endocrinology, of Clinical Medicine and of Molecular Medicine, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark
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Olaf Hiort
Olaf Hiort
University Hospital Schleswig-Holstein, Campus Lübeck, and University of Lübeck, Lübeck, Germany
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Paul-Martin Holterhus
Paul-Martin Holterhus
University Hospital Schleswig-Holstein, Campus Kiel, Kiel, Germany
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Anders Juul
Anders Juul
Departments of Growth and Reproduction and of Clinical Medicine, Copenhagen University Hospital – Rigshospitalet, Copenhagen, Denmark
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Csilla Krausz
Csilla Krausz
Endocrinology and Andrology Units, University Hospital of Careggi and Department of Experimental and Clinical Biomedical Sciences "Mario Serio", University of Florence, Florence, Italy
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Kristina Lagerstedt-Robinson
Kristina Lagerstedt-Robinson
Department of Clinical Genetics, Karolinska University Laboratory, Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden
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Ruth McGowan
Ruth McGowan
Developmental Endocrinology Research Group, School of Medicine, Dentistry & Nursing, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, United Kingdom
West of Scotland Centre for Genomic Medicine, Queen Elizabeth University Hospital, Glasgow, United Kingdom
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West of Scotland Centre for Genomic Medicine, Queen Elizabeth University Hospital, Glasgow, United Kingdom
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Uta Neumann
Uta Neumann
Charité Medicine University, Berlin, Germany
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Antonio Novelli
Antonio Novelli
Translational Cytogenomics Research Unit, Bambino Gesù Children's Hospital IRCCS, Rome, Italy
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Xavier Peyrassol
Xavier Peyrassol
Universitè Libre di Bruxelles, Brussels, Belgium
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Leonidas A Phylactou
Leonidas A Phylactou
Cyprus Institute of Neurology and Genetics, Nicosia, Cyprus
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Julia Rohayem
Julia Rohayem
University Hospital Münster, Munster, Germany
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Philippe Touraine
Philippe Touraine
Center for Rare Endocrine and Gynecological Disorders, Department of endocrinology and reproductive Medicine, Hospital Pitié Salpêtrière, Paris, France
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Dineke Westra
Dineke Westra
Department of Human Genetics, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
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Valeria Vezzoli
Valeria Vezzoli
Department of Endocrinology and Metabolic Diseases, IRCCS Istituto Auxologico Italiano, Milan, Italy
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Raffaella Rossetti
Raffaella Rossetti
Department of Endocrinology and Metabolic Diseases, IRCCS Istituto Auxologico Italiano, Milan, Italy
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hypogonadism (CHH) or unexplained 46,XX primary ovarian insufficiency (POI). These conditions are rare, with variable and complex aetiology, and their differential diagnosis using only clinical and biochemical parameters may be difficult ( 3 ). Therefore, NGS
Milou Cecilia Madsen
Milou Cecilia Madsen
Department of Internal Medicine and Center of Expertise on Gender Dysphoria, Amsterdam UMC, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
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Martin den Heijer
Martin den Heijer
Department of Internal Medicine and Center of Expertise on Gender Dysphoria, Amsterdam UMC, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
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Claudia Pees
Claudia Pees
Walaeus Library, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, the Netherlands
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Nienke R Biermasz
Nienke R Biermasz
Division of Endocrinology, Department of Medicine, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, the Netherlands
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Leontine E H Bakker
Leontine E H Bakker
Division of Endocrinology, Department of Medicine, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, the Netherlands
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concentrations in males can lead to a clinical syndrome known as male hypogonadism. This can be caused by testicular disease (primary hypogonadism) or central, pituitary, or hypothalamic disease (secondary hypogonadism). Causes can be genetic, like in Klinefelter
L M Mongioì
L M Mongioì
Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Catania, Catania, Italy
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R A Condorelli
R A Condorelli
Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Catania, Catania, Italy
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S La Vignera
S La Vignera
Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Catania, Catania, Italy
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A E Calogero
A E Calogero
Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Catania, Catania, Italy
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Introduction Adrenal insufficiency (AI) is a disease caused by either primary adrenal failure (Addison’s disease, over 90% due to autoimmune adrenalitis) ( 1 ) or by hypothalamic–pituitary impairment of the corticotropic axis alone or in
Giuseppe Grande
Giuseppe Grande
Unit of Andrology and Reproductive Medicine, University Hospital of Padova, Padova, Italy
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Andrea Graziani
Andrea Graziani
Department of Medicine, University of Padova, Padova, Italy
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Antonella Di Mambro
Antonella Di Mambro
Unit of Andrology and Reproductive Medicine, University Hospital of Padova, Padova, Italy
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Riccardo Selice
Riccardo Selice
Unit of Andrology and Reproductive Medicine, University Hospital of Padova, Padova, Italy
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Alberto Ferlin
Alberto Ferlin
Unit of Andrology and Reproductive Medicine, University Hospital of Padova, Padova, Italy
Department of Medicine, University of Padova, Padova, Italy
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Department of Medicine, University of Padova, Padova, Italy
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consensus nowadays is that 25-OH-D3 levels might represent a marker of Leydig cell function, being reduced not only in men with low testosterone (both primary and secondary hypogonadism) but also in men with subclinical hypogonadism. Vitamin D is essential
Amar Osmancevic
Amar Osmancevic
School of Public Health and Community Medicine, Institute of Medicine, Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
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Kristin Ottarsdottir
Kristin Ottarsdottir
School of Public Health and Community Medicine, Institute of Medicine, Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
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Margareta Hellgren
Margareta Hellgren
School of Public Health and Community Medicine, Institute of Medicine, Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
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Ulf Lindblad
Ulf Lindblad
School of Public Health and Community Medicine, Institute of Medicine, Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
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Bledar Daka
Bledar Daka
School of Public Health and Community Medicine, Institute of Medicine, Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
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. ( https://doi.org/10.2164/jandrol.111.015065 ) 27 Tajar A Forti G O’Neill TW Lee DM Silman AJ Finn JD Bartfai G Boonen S Casanueva FF Giwercman A , Characteristics of secondary, primary, and compensated hypogonadism in aging men
Mikkel Andreassen
Mikkel Andreassen
Department of Endocrinology, Faculty of Health Science, Rigshospitalet, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
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Anders Juul
Anders Juul
Department of Growth and Reproduction, Faculty of Health Science, Rigshospitalet, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
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Ulla Feldt-Rasmussen
Ulla Feldt-Rasmussen
Department of Endocrinology, Faculty of Health Science, Rigshospitalet, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
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Niels Jørgensen
Niels Jørgensen
Department of Growth and Reproduction, Faculty of Health Science, Rigshospitalet, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
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gonadotropins have been documented in other clinical conditions such as anorexia nervosa ( 34 ), polycystic ovarian disease ( 35 ) and primary male hypogonadism ( 36 ). Thus, as for TSH, immunoreactive FSH and LH may not reflect FSH and LH bioactivity in
