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Introduction Maternal obesity and excessive weight gain during pregnancy is a condition that increases the risk of several complications for both the mother and the growing fetus, with a risk that the fetus will suffer from a suboptimal

hyperglycemia in nondiabetic women ( 3 , 4 ). Concordantly, experiments with rats showed that exposure to dexamethasone (DEX) during the last third of pregnancy impaired maternal glucose-induced insulin secretion in vivo , leading to glucose intolerance prior

Introduction Successful pregnancy requires major physiological adaptations in the mother to support pregnancy, and the attachment, implantation, growth and function of the placental interface between mother and foetus ( 1 ). Growth hormone (GH

Introduction There is a high prevalence of 25-hydroxyvitamin D (25OHD) deficiency during pregnancy ( 1 ). In the United States, a prevalence of 33% has been reported, while in countries such as Turkey, the prevalence reaches 90% ( 1 ). 25OHD

Introduction Maternal thyroid function in early pregnancy is a debated matter ( 1 , 2 ). The role of thyroid hormones in fetal brain development has long drawn ample attention to the potential adverse consequences of abnormal maternal thyroid

Introduction Pregnancy is a unique period of female life when a series of hormone changes jointly regulate thyroid function. Maternal human chorionic gonadotropin (hCG) levels peak at 30,000–100,000 U/L in the eighth to tenth week of gestation

predominantly occurs in female patients and in the reproductive time span, the management of the disease should consider the patient’s reproductive history and the possibility of a current or future pregnancy ( 1 , 2 ). GD is an autoimmune disease caused by

Introduction While the number of iodine-deficient countries has decreased worldwide, mild iodine deficiency still exists in Europe ( 1 , 2 ). Adequate iodine intake during pregnancy is a prerequisite for thyroid hormone synthesis and is

thyroid disorders ( 10 , 11 , 12 ). It is worth noting that the daily requirement of iodine consumption increases to 200–250 µg during pregnancy and lactation, in order to guarantee normal maternal thyroid function ( 13 ). Indeed, adequate maternal TH

insulin secretion ( 8 ). Experimental studies on this topic are rare but somehow concordant with the observational data. Female mice subjected to a history of pregnancy and lactation were described to maintain reduced glycaemia 6 months after delivery