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Aida Javanbakht Department of Diabetes, Endocrinology and Metabolism, Beckman Research Institute of City of Hope, Duarte, California, USA

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Massimo D’Apuzzo Department of Pathology, Beckman Research Institute of City of Hope, Duarte, California, USA

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Behnam Badie Department of Neurosurgery, Beckman Research Institute of City of Hope, Duarte, California, USA

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Behrouz Salehian Department of Diabetes, Endocrinology and Metabolism, Beckman Research Institute of City of Hope, Duarte, California, USA

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and patients are frequently asymptomatic. Previous studies have reported that only 7% of Pit Mets are symptomatic ( 2 , 3 ). There are reports of involvement of the anterior and posterior part of the pituitary gland ( 3 ). In contrast to pituitary

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Marcus Heldmann Department of Neurology, University of Lübeck, Lübeck, Germany
Department of Psychology II, University of Lübeck, Lübeck, Germany

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Krishna Chatterjee Wellcome Trust-MRC Institute of Metabolic Science, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK

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Carla Moran Wellcome Trust-MRC Institute of Metabolic Science, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK

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Berenike Rogge Department of Neurology, University of Lübeck, Lübeck, Germany

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Julia Steinhardt Department of Neurology, University of Lübeck, Lübeck, Germany

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Tobias Wagner-Altendorf Department of Neurology, University of Lübeck, Lübeck, Germany

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Martin Göttlich Department of Neurology, University of Lübeck, Lübeck, Germany

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Hannes Schacht Department of Neuroradiology, University of Lübeck, Lübeck, Germany

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Peter Schramm Department of Neuroradiology, University of Lübeck, Lübeck, Germany

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Georg Brabant Department of Internal Medicine I, University of Lübeck, Lübeck, Germany
Department of Endocrinology, The Christie, University of Manchester, Manchester, UK

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Thomas F Münte Department of Neurology, University of Lübeck, Lübeck, Germany
Department of Psychology II, University of Lübeck, Lübeck, Germany

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Anna Cirkel Department of Neurology, University of Lübeck, Lübeck, Germany

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through TRβ2, which is predominantly expressed in the pituitary gland and hypothalamus ( 5 ). It is known that longstanding, untreated primary hypothyroidism may lead to pituitary enlargement due to thyrotrophic hyperplasia. Thyroid-stimulating hormone

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Janko Sattler Adrenal Steroid Group, ANZAC Research Institute, University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia
Department of Rheumatology and Clinical Immunology, Charité-University Medicine, Berlin, Germany

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Jinwen Tu Adrenal Steroid Group, ANZAC Research Institute, University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia
Bone Research Program, ANZAC Research Institute, University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia
Concord Clinical School, The University of Sydney, Sydney, Australia

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Shihani Stoner Bone Research Program, ANZAC Research Institute, University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia

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Jingbao Li Bone Research Program, ANZAC Research Institute, University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia
Key Laboratory for Space Bioscience and Biotechnology, Institute of Special Environmental Biophysics, School of Life Sciences, Northwestern Polytechnical University, Shaanxi, China

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Frank Buttgereit Department of Rheumatology and Clinical Immunology, Charité-University Medicine, Berlin, Germany

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Markus J Seibel Bone Research Program, ANZAC Research Institute, University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia
Concord Clinical School, The University of Sydney, Sydney, Australia
Department of Endocrinology & Metabolism, Concord Hospital, Sydney, Australia

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Hong Zhou Bone Research Program, ANZAC Research Institute, University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia
Concord Clinical School, The University of Sydney, Sydney, Australia

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Mark S Cooper Adrenal Steroid Group, ANZAC Research Institute, University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia
Concord Clinical School, The University of Sydney, Sydney, Australia
Department of Endocrinology & Metabolism, Concord Hospital, Sydney, Australia

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the age of 60 days, mice were killed and serum was collected and pooled for induction of serum transfer arthritis. Tissue samples including the brain and pituitary glands were harvested. Groups of mice were assigned to overlapping experimental

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Hélène Singeisen Department of Internal Medicine, Endocrinology, Cantonal Hospital Thurgau, Münsterlingen, Switzerland

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Mariko Melanie Renzulli Institute of Radiology, Cantonal Hospital Thurgau, Frauenfeld, Switzerland

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Vojtech Pavlicek Department of Internal Medicine, Endocrinology, Cantonal Hospital Thurgau, Münsterlingen, Switzerland

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Pascal Probst Department of Surgery, Cantonal Hospital Thurgau, Frauenfeld, Switzerland

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Fabian Hauswirth Department of Surgery, Cantonal Hospital Thurgau, Münsterlingen, Switzerland

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Markus K Muller Department of Surgery, Cantonal Hospital Thurgau, Frauenfeld, Switzerland

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Magdalene Adamczyk Department of Pathology and Molecular Pathology, University Hospital Zurich and University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland

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Achim Weber Department of Pathology and Molecular Pathology, University Hospital Zurich and University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland

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Reto Martin Kaderli Department of Visceral Surgery and Medicine, Bern University Hospital, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland

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Pietro Renzulli Department of Surgery, Cantonal Hospital Thurgau, Münsterlingen, Switzerland

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adrenal gland and the thymus Paraganglioma Pituitary adenoma Ganglioneuroma Ganglioneuroblastoma PHPT PHPT (20–30%) FMTC Ganglioneuroma of the lips, tongue, and colon, marfanoid habitus (95%) OMIM ® , Online Mendelian Inheritance in

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Luca Persani Division of Endocrine and Metabolic Diseases, Istituto Auxologico Italiano IRCCS, Milan, Italy
Department of Clinical Sciences and Community Health, University of Milan, Milan, Italy

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Biagio Cangiano Division of Endocrine and Metabolic Diseases, Istituto Auxologico Italiano IRCCS, Milan, Italy
Department of Clinical Sciences and Community Health, University of Milan, Milan, Italy

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Marco Bonomi Division of Endocrine and Metabolic Diseases, Istituto Auxologico Italiano IRCCS, Milan, Italy
Department of Clinical Sciences and Community Health, University of Milan, Milan, Italy

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.1089/thy.2009.0462 ) 10.1089/thy.2009.0462 20553196 22 Bonomi M Proverbio MC Weber G Chiumello G Beck-Peccoz P Persani L . Hyperplastic pituitary gland, high serum glycoprotein hormone alpha-subunit, and variable circulating thyrotropin (TSH) levels as

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Paraskevi Kazakou Diabetes Centre, Department of Clinical Therapeutics, Alexandra Hospital, School of Medicine, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Athens, Greece

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Stavroula A Paschou Endocrine Unit, Department of Clinical Therapeutics, Alexandra Hospital, School of Medicine, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Athens, Greece

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Theodora Psaltopoulou Unit of Hematology and Oncology, Department of Clinical Therapeutics, Alexandra Hospital, School of Medicine, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Athens, Greece

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Maria Gavriatopoulou Unit of Hematology and Oncology, Department of Clinical Therapeutics, Alexandra Hospital, School of Medicine, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Athens, Greece

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Eleni Korompoki Department of Clinical Therapeutics, Alexandra Hospital, School of Medicine, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Athens, Greece

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Katerina Stefanaki Endocrine Unit, Department of Clinical Therapeutics, Alexandra Hospital, School of Medicine, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Athens, Greece

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Fotini Kanouta Department of Endocrinology, Alexandra Hospital, Athens, Greece

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Georgia N Kassi Department of Endocrinology, Alexandra Hospital, Athens, Greece

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Meletios-Athanasios Dimopoulos Unit of Hematology and Oncology, Department of Clinical Therapeutics, Alexandra Hospital, School of Medicine, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Athens, Greece

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Asimina Mitrakou Diabetes Centre, Department of Clinical Therapeutics, Alexandra Hospital, School of Medicine, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Athens, Greece

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, nervous, and endocrine system ( 4 , 5 ). Endocrine glands such as pancreas, hypothalamus, pituitary, thyroid, adrenal glands, testes, and ovaries have been found to express ACE2 and TMPRSS2, with the highest concentration in the testes, followed by

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Benedetta Zampetti Department of Endocrinology, Ospedale Niguarda, Milano, Italy

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Erika Grossrubatscher Department of Endocrinology, Ospedale Niguarda, Milano, Italy

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Paolo Dalino Ciaramella Department of Endocrinology, Ospedale Niguarda, Milano, Italy

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Edoardo Boccardi Department of Neuroradiology, Ospedale Niguarda, Milano, Italy

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Paola Loli Department of Endocrinology, Ospedale Niguarda, Milano, Italy

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sinuses (BIPSS) in localizing the ACTH-secreting microadenoma in one side of pituitary gland, and showed the effectiveness of hemihypophysectomy on the side with the highest ACTH concentrations in three patients without pathological evidence of

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Tatiana V Novoselova Centre for Endocrinology, William Harvey Research Institute, Barts and the London School of Medicine, Queen Mary University of London, London, UK

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Peter J King Centre for Endocrinology, William Harvey Research Institute, Barts and the London School of Medicine, Queen Mary University of London, London, UK

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Leonardo Guasti Centre for Endocrinology, William Harvey Research Institute, Barts and the London School of Medicine, Queen Mary University of London, London, UK

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Louise A Metherell Centre for Endocrinology, William Harvey Research Institute, Barts and the London School of Medicine, Queen Mary University of London, London, UK

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Adrian J L Clark Centre for Endocrinology, William Harvey Research Institute, Barts and the London School of Medicine, Queen Mary University of London, London, UK

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Li F Chan Centre for Endocrinology, William Harvey Research Institute, Barts and the London School of Medicine, Queen Mary University of London, London, UK

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Hypothalamo–pituitary–adrenal axis The hypothalamo–pituitary–adrenal (HPA) axis dictates the production of glucocorticoids secreted from the adrenal gland. Parvocellular neurosecretory neurons within the hypothalamic paraventricular nucleus

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Caroline Serrano-Nascimento Department of Physiology and Biophysics, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil

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Rafael Barrera Salgueiro Department of Physiology and Biophysics, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil

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Kaio Fernando Vitzel Department of Physiology and Biophysics, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil

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Thiago Pantaleão Carlos Chagas Filho Biophysics Institute, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil

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Vânia Maria Corrêa da Costa Carlos Chagas Filho Biophysics Institute, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil

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Maria Tereza Nunes Department of Physiology and Biophysics, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil

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concentration of iodine, as previously described ( 25 ). Thereafter, the rats were anesthetized and killed by decapitation ( Fig. 1 ). Hypothalamus, pituitary, thyroid, kidney, liver and mammary gland were rapidly excised for total RNA and/or protein extraction

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Mikkel Andreassen Department of Endocrinology, Faculty of Health Science, Rigshospitalet, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark

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Anders Juul Department of Growth and Reproduction, Faculty of Health Science, Rigshospitalet, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark

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Ulla Feldt-Rasmussen Department of Endocrinology, Faculty of Health Science, Rigshospitalet, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark

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Niels Jørgensen Department of Growth and Reproduction, Faculty of Health Science, Rigshospitalet, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark

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Introduction The gonadotropins, luteinizing hormone (LH) and follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH) are released from the gonadotropic cells in the anterior pituitary gland. In men, the main target cells for LH are Leydig cells with subsequent

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