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Yansu Wang Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Shanghai Sixth People's Hospital Affiliated to Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai Clinical Center for Diabetes, Shanghai Diabetes Institute, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Diabetes Mellitus, Shanghai, China

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Yun Shen Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Shanghai Sixth People's Hospital Affiliated to Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai Clinical Center for Diabetes, Shanghai Diabetes Institute, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Diabetes Mellitus, Shanghai, China

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Tingting Hu Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Shanghai Sixth People's Hospital Affiliated to Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai Clinical Center for Diabetes, Shanghai Diabetes Institute, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Diabetes Mellitus, Shanghai, China

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Yufei Wang Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Shanghai Sixth People's Hospital Affiliated to Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai Clinical Center for Diabetes, Shanghai Diabetes Institute, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Diabetes Mellitus, Shanghai, China

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Xiaojing Ma Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Shanghai Sixth People's Hospital Affiliated to Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai Clinical Center for Diabetes, Shanghai Diabetes Institute, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Diabetes Mellitus, Shanghai, China

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Haoyong Yu Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Shanghai Sixth People's Hospital Affiliated to Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai Clinical Center for Diabetes, Shanghai Diabetes Institute, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Diabetes Mellitus, Shanghai, China

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Yuqian Bao Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Shanghai Sixth People's Hospital Affiliated to Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai Clinical Center for Diabetes, Shanghai Diabetes Institute, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Diabetes Mellitus, Shanghai, China

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Introduction Non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) is a metabolic stress-induced liver injury that is pathologically manifested by excessive triglyceride deposition in hepatocytes. It is the most prevalent chronic liver disease worldwide

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Iben Rix Center for Clinical Metabolic Research, Gentofte Hospital, University of Copenhagen, Hellerup, Denmark
Zealand Pharma A/S, Søborg, Denmark

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Marie L Johansen Department of Medicine, Herlev Hospital, University of Copenhagen, Herlev, Denmark

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Asger Lund Center for Clinical Metabolic Research, Gentofte Hospital, University of Copenhagen, Hellerup, Denmark

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Malte P Suppli Center for Clinical Metabolic Research, Gentofte Hospital, University of Copenhagen, Hellerup, Denmark

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Elizaveta Chabanova Department of Radiology, Herlev Hospital, University of Copenhagen, Herlev, Denmark

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Gerrit van Hall Clinical Metabolomics Core Facility, Department of Clinical Biochemistry, Rigshospitalet, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
Department of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark

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Jens J Holst Department of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Basic Metabolic Research, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark

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Nicolai J Wewer Albrechtsen Department of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
Department of Clinical Biochemistry, Rigshospitalet, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Protein Research, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark

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Caroline Kistorp Department of Endocrinology, Rigshospitalet, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
Department of Clinical Medicine, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark

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Filip K Knop Center for Clinical Metabolic Research, Gentofte Hospital, University of Copenhagen, Hellerup, Denmark
Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Basic Metabolic Research, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
Department of Clinical Medicine, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
Steno Diabetes Center Copenhagen, Herlev, Denmark

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restoring amino acid turnover. The price for this is, however, that glucose production increases, as glucagon action on glucose production seems to be preserved in non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) ( 10 , 12 ). The mechanisms underlying this hepatic

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Jun-Xin Yan The First Clinical Medical College, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, Gansu, China

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Bin-Jing Pan The First Clinical Medical College, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, Gansu, China

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Ping-Ping Zhao The First Clinical Medical College, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, Gansu, China

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Li-Ting Wang The First Clinical Medical College, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, Gansu, China
Department of Endocrinology, The First Hospital of Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, Gansu, China

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Jing-Fang Liu The First Clinical Medical College, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, Gansu, China
Department of Endocrinology, The First Hospital of Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, Gansu, China

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Song-Bo Fu The First Clinical Medical College, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, Gansu, China
Department of Endocrinology, The First Hospital of Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, Gansu, China

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Introduction Non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD), which is the excessive deposition of fat (>5% of the liver weight) in liver cells without causes such as heavy drinking, hypothyroidism, or drugs, is considered a liver manifestation of

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Robert Maidstone Oxford Centre for Diabetes, Endocrinology and Metabolism, and Oxford Kavli Centre for Nanoscience Discovery, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
Centre for Biological Timing, Faculty of Biology, Medicine and Health, University of Manchester, Manchester, UK

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Martin K Rutter Centre for Biological Timing, Faculty of Biology, Medicine and Health, University of Manchester, Manchester, UK
Diabetes, Endocrinology and Metabolism Centre, Manchester University NHS Foundation Trust, NIHR Manchester Biomedical Research Centre, Manchester Academic Health Science Centre, Manchester, UK

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Thomas Marjot Oxford Centre for Diabetes, Endocrinology and Metabolism, and Oxford Kavli Centre for Nanoscience Discovery, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
Oxford Liver Unit, Oxford University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, John Radcliffe Hospital, UK

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David W Ray Oxford Centre for Diabetes, Endocrinology and Metabolism, and Oxford Kavli Centre for Nanoscience Discovery, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
NIHR Oxford Health Biomedical Research Centre, and NIHR Oxford Biomedical Research Centre, John Radcliffe Hospital, Oxford, UK

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Matthew Baxter Oxford Centre for Diabetes, Endocrinology and Metabolism, and Oxford Kavli Centre for Nanoscience Discovery, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
NIHR Oxford Health Biomedical Research Centre, and NIHR Oxford Biomedical Research Centre, John Radcliffe Hospital, Oxford, UK

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for the Study of the Liver (EASL) , European Association for the Study of Diabetes (EASD) & European Association for the Study of Obesity (EASO) . EASL-EASD-EASO Clinical practice guidelines for the management of non-alcoholic fatty liver disease

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Zhiyan Yu Department of Endocrinology, Shanghai Fifth People’s Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China

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Yueyue Wu Department of Endocrinology, Shanghai Fifth People’s Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China

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Rui Zhang Department of Endocrinology, Shanghai Fifth People’s Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China

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Yue Li Department of Endocrinology, Shanghai Fifth People’s Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China

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Shufei Zang Department of Endocrinology, Shanghai Fifth People’s Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China

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Jun Liu Department of Endocrinology, Shanghai Fifth People’s Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China

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factor-1 and hypoalbuminemia. Non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) affecting multiple extrahepatic organs is considered a multi-system disease ( 2 ). Recent studies have shown that NAFLD is a high risk factor for osteoporosis ( 3 ). Several studies

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David Koeckerling Medical Sciences Division, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK

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Jeremy W Tomlinson Oxford Centre for Diabetes, Endocrinology & Metabolism, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK

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Jeremy F Cobbold Oxford Liver Unit, NIHR Oxford Biomedical Research Centre, Oxford University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, John Radcliffe Hospital, Oxford, UK

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Why fight liver fat? What is NAFLD? Non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) is recognised as the most common aetiology of chronic liver disease, with an estimated global prevalence of 25.2%, and as a major cause of cirrhosis and

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Stephen J Winters Division of Endocrinology, Metabolism and Diabetes, University of Louisville, Louisville, Kentucky, USA

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Charles R Scoggins Division of Surgical Oncology, University of Louisville, Louisville, Kentucky, USA

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Duke Appiah Department of Public Health, Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center, Lubbock, Texas, USA

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Dushan T Ghooray Division of Endocrinology, Metabolism and Diabetes, University of Louisville, Louisville, Kentucky, USA

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J Elisaf MS Germanidis G Giouleme O et al . The use of statins alone, or in combination with pioglitazone and other drugs, for the treatment of non-alcoholic fatty liver disease/non-alcoholic steatohepatitis and related cardiovascular risk. An

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Till Ittermann Institute for Community Medicine, University Medicine Greifswald, Greifswald, Germany

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Rehman Mehmood Khattak Institute for Community Medicine, University Medicine Greifswald, Greifswald, Germany
Department of Zoology, Islamia College Peshawar (CU), Peshawar, Pakistan

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Marcello R P Markus Department of Internal Medicine B, University Medicine Greifswald, Greifswald, Germany

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Jens-Peter Kühn Institute of Radiology, University Hospital, Carl-Gustav-Carus University, Dresden, Germany

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Marie-Luise Kromrey Department of Radiology and Neuroradiology, University Medicine Greifswald, Greifswald, Germany

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Giovanni Targher Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism, Department of Medicine, University of Verona, Verona, Italy

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Antje Steveling Department of Internal Medicine A, University Medicine Greifswald, Greifswald, Germany

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Matthias Nauck Institute for Clinical Chemistry and Laboratory Medicine, University Medicine Greifswald, Greifswald, Germany
DZHK (German Centre for Cardiovascular Research), Partner Site Greifswald, University Medicine, Greifswald, Germany

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Henry Völzke Institute for Community Medicine, University Medicine Greifswald, Greifswald, Germany

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Introduction Non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) is a common finding in individuals with obesity or type 2 diabetes mellitus and its prevalence is steeply increasing worldwide ( 1 ). Recent meta-analyses of observational studies revealed

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Helle Keinicke Insulin and Device Trial Operations, Novo Nordisk A/S, Søborg, Denmark

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Gao Sun Pharmacology and Histopathology, Novo Nordisk A/S, China

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Caroline M Junker Mentzel Department of Experimental Animal Models, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Frederiksberg C, Denmark

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Merete Fredholm Department of Veterinary Clinical and Animal Science, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Frederiksberg C, Denmark

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Linu Mary John Global Obesity and Liver Disease Research, Novo Nordisk A/S, Måløv, Denmark

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Birgitte Andersen Global Obesity and Liver Disease Research, Novo Nordisk A/S, Måløv, Denmark

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Kirsten Raun Global Obesity and Liver Disease Research, Novo Nordisk A/S, Måløv, Denmark

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Marina Kjaergaard Global Obesity and Liver Disease Research, Novo Nordisk A/S, Måløv, Denmark

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Introduction Non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) is the most common liver disorder in the Western world ( 1 , 2 ) with a global prevalence of 25% ( 3 ). It is defined as steatosis (fat accumulation) in at least 5% of hepatocytes ( 3

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Xu Chen Department of Toxicology, School of Public Health, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, People’s Republic of China
Department of Nutrition, School of Public Health, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, People’s Republic of China

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Yi Tang Department of Nutrition, School of Public Health, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, People’s Republic of China

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Shen Chen Department of Toxicology, School of Public Health, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, People’s Republic of China

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Wenhua Ling Department of Nutrition, School of Public Health, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, People’s Republic of China
Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Food, Nutrition and Health, Guangzhou, People’s Republic of China

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Qing Wang Department of Toxicology, School of Public Health, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, People’s Republic of China
Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Food, Nutrition and Health, Guangzhou, People’s Republic of China

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Introduction Non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD), which is considered to be the hepatic manifestation of the metabolic syndrome is defined as the abnormal hepatic triglyceride (TG) accumulation without excessive alcohol use. NAFLD

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