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endocrinology is neuroendocrinology, born of Geoffrey Harris’ insights in the 1950s. The birth of neuroendocrinology In the late 1950s, it was ‘well established’ that in man and other animals that ovulated spontaneously, ovulation is controlled by the
Sahlgrenska Osteoporosis Centre, Center for Bone and Arthritis Research (CBAR), Department of Internal Medicine and Clinical Nutrition, Institute of Medicine, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
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Sahlgrenska Osteoporosis Centre, Center for Bone and Arthritis Research (CBAR), Department of Internal Medicine and Clinical Nutrition, Institute of Medicine, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
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Sahlgrenska Osteoporosis Centre, Center for Bone and Arthritis Research (CBAR), Department of Internal Medicine and Clinical Nutrition, Institute of Medicine, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
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Department of Endocrinology, Skaraborg Central Hospital, Skövde, Sweden
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under basal conditions and after gonadectomy . Journal of Neuroendocrinology 2019 31 e12736 . ( https://doi.org/10.1111/jne.12736 ) 6 Diotel N Charlier TD Lefebvre d'Hellencourt C Couret D Trudeau VL Nicolau JC Meilhac O Kah O
Instituto de Investigación en Biomedicina de Buenos Aires – CONICET, Departamento de Fisiología, Partner Institute of the Max Planck Society, Buenos Aires, Argentina
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Instituto de Investigación en Biomedicina de Buenos Aires – CONICET, Departamento de Fisiología, Partner Institute of the Max Planck Society, Buenos Aires, Argentina
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Instituto de Investigación en Biomedicina de Buenos Aires – CONICET, Departamento de Fisiología, Partner Institute of the Max Planck Society, Buenos Aires, Argentina
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. ( doi:10.1038/nrn2297 ). 10 Besedovsky HO del Rey A . Immune–neuroendocrine circuits: integrative role of cytokines . Frontiers in Neuroendocrinology 1992 13 61 – 94 . 11 De Kloet ER Vreugdenhil E Oitzl MS Joels M . Brain corticosteroid receptor
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acromegaly . Journal of Clinical Endocrinology and Metabolism 2004 89 667 – 674 . ( doi:10.1210/jc.2003-031199 ). 13 Webb SM . Quality of life in acromegaly . Neuroendocrinology 2006 83 224 – 229 . ( doi:10.1159/000095532 ). 14 Szczesniak D
Dipartimento di Medicina Clinica e Chirurgia, Università Federico II, Naples, Italy
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. Neuroendocrinology 2010 28 – 34 . ( https://doi.org/10.1159/000314280 ) 11 Robbins HL Hague A . The PI3K/Akt pathway in tumors of endocrine tissues . Frontiers in Endocrinology 2015 188 . ( https://doi.org/10.3389/fendo.2015.00188 ) 12 Bahrami A
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non-functional pancreatic neuroendocrine tumors. Neuroendocrinology 2016 103 153 – 171 . ( doi:10.1159/000443171 ) 26742109 10.1159/000443171 2 Partelli S Cirocchi R Crippa S Cardinali L Fendrich V Bartsch DK Falcon M. Systematic review of
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This review covers recent findings on the main categories of thyroid hormone–disrupting chemicals and their effects on brain development. We draw mostly on epidemiological and experimental data published in the last decade. For each chemical class considered, we deal with not only the thyroid hormone–disrupting effects but also briefly mention the main mechanisms by which the same chemicals could modify estrogen and/or androgen signalling, thereby exacerbating adverse effects on endocrine-dependent developmental programmes. Further, we emphasize recent data showing how maternal thyroid hormone signalling during early pregnancy affects not only offspring IQ, but also neurodevelopmental disease risk. These recent findings add to established knowledge on the crucial importance of iodine and thyroid hormone for optimal brain development. We propose that prenatal exposure to mixtures of thyroid hormone–disrupting chemicals provides a plausible biological mechanism contributing to current increases in the incidence of neurodevelopmental disease and IQ loss.
Department of Medicine IV, Medical Center – University of Freiburg
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The optimal treatment strategy for patients with small non-functioning VHL-related incidentalomas is unclear. We searched the Freiburg VHL registry for patients with radiologic evidence of pheochromocytoma/paraganglioma (PHEO/PGL). In total, 176 patients with single, multiple, and recurrent tumours were identified (1.84 tumours/patient, range 1–8). Mean age at diagnosis was 32 ± 16 years. Seventy-four percent of tumours were localised to the adrenals. Mean tumour diameter was 2.42 ± 2.27 cm, 46% were <1.5 cm. 24% of tumours were biochemically inactive. Inactive tumours were significantly smaller than active PHEO/PGL at diagnosis (4.16 ± 2.80 cm vs 1.43 ± 0.45 cm; P < 0.025) and before surgery (4.89 ± 3.47 cm vs 1.36 ± 0.43 cm; P < 0.02). Disease was stable in 67% of 21 patients with evaluable tumours ≤1.5 cm according to RECIST and progressed in 7. Time till surgery in these patients was 29.5 ± 20.0 months. A total of 155 patients underwent surgery. PHEO/PGL was histologically excluded in 4 and proven in 151. Of these, one had additional metastatic disease, one harboured another tumour of a different type, and in 2 a second surgery for suspected disease recurrence did not confirm PHEO/PGL. Logistic regression analysis revealed 50% probability for a positive/negative biochemical test result at 1.8 cm tumour diameter. Values of a novel symptom score were positively correlated with tumour size (Rs = 0.46, P < 0.0001) and together with a positive biochemistry a linear size predictor (P < 0.01). Results support standardised clinical assessment and measurement of tumour size and metanephrines in VHL patients with non-functioning incidentalomas <1.5 cm at one year following diagnosis and at individualised intervals thereafter depending on evolving growth dynamics, secretory activity and symptomatology.
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The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine was first awarded in 1901. Since then, the Nobel Prizes in Physiology or Medicine, Chemistry and Physics have been awarded to at least 33 distinguished researchers who were directly or indirectly involved in research into the field of endocrinology. This paper reflects on the life histories, careers and achievements of 11 of them: Frederick G Banting, Roger Guillemin, Philip S Hench, Bernardo A Houssay, Edward C Kendall, E Theodor Kocher, John J R Macleod, Tadeus Reichstein, Andrew V Schally, Earl W Sutherland, Jr and Rosalyn Yalow. All were eminent scientists, distinguished lecturers and winners of many prizes and awards.
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Purpose
Intracranial germ cell tumors frequently arise from the midline of the brain, occasionally presenting as bifocal diseases. The predominant lesion might affect clinical characteristics and neuroendocrine outcomes.
Method
A retrospective cohort study involving 38 patients with intracranial bifocal germ cell tumors was performed.
Result
Twenty-one patients were assigned to the sellar-predominant group, while the other 17 patients were assigned to the non-sellar-predominant group. Differences in gender ratio, age, manifestation, the incidence of metastasis, the incidence of elevated tumor markers, human chorionic gonadotropin levels in serum and in cerebrospinal fluid, diagnostic method, and tumor type were not significant between the sellar-predominant group and the non-sellar-predominant group. Before treatment, the sellar-predominant group had a higher incidence of adenohypophysis hormone deficiencies and central diabetes insipidus than those of the non-sellar-predominant group, without significant differences. After multidisciplinary therapy, the sellar-predominant group also had a higher incidence of adenohypophysis hormone deficiencies and central diabetes insipidus than those of the non-sellar-predominant group. The differences in the hypothalamic–pituitary–adrenal (HPA) axis impairment (P = 0.008), hypothalamic–pituitary–thyroid (HPT) axis impairment (P = 0.048), and hypothalamic–pituitary–gonad (HPG) axis impairment (P = 0.029) were significant between sellar-predominant group and non-sellar-predominant group, while the others were not. At median 6 (3, 43) months of follow-up visit, sellar-predominant group had a higher incidence of adenohypophysis hormone deficiencies than those of non-sellar-predominant group. The differences in the HPA impairment (P = 0.002), HPT impairment (P = 0.024), and HPG impairment (P < 0.000) were significant, while the others were not. Further comparison of the neuroendocrine function between different subtypes of sellar-predominant patients indicated that the differences in adenohypophysis hormone deficiencies and central diabetes insipidus were not significant between the two subtype groups.
Conclusion
Bifocal patients with different predominant lesions present similar manifestations and neuroendocrine disorders before treatment. Non-sellar-predominant patients would have better neuroendocrine outcomes after tumor treatment. The distinction of the predominant lesion in patients with bifocal intracranial germ cell tumor plays a valuable role in predicting neuroendocrine outcomes, as well as in optimizing long-term neuroendocrine management during survival time.
