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Introduction Prenatal stress (PS) is the body's response when various internal and external factors stimulate a woman during pregnancy ( 1 ). Studies have shown that when women are exposed to stressful events during pregnancy, they can disrupt
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Serviço de Endocrinologia, Departamento de Endocrinologia, Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade do Porto, Al. Prof. Hernâni Monteiro, 4200-319 Porto, Portugal
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-2826.2002.00845.x ). 191 Khan IA Thomas P . Disruption of neuroendocrine control of luteinizing hormone secretion by Aroclor 1254 involves inhibition of hypothalamic tryptophan hydroxylase activity . Biology of Reproduction 2001 64 955 – 964 . ( doi:10
Department of Developmental and Cell Biology, University of California, Irvine, California, USA
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Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of California, Irvine, California, USA
Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of California, Irvine, California, USA
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, 17 ). These include stress ( 18 ), disrupted circadian rhythms ( 19 ), the composition of the gut microbiome (bacterial diversity, balance of bacterial types and the particular species found) ( 20 , 21 ), air pollution from proximity to highways ( 22
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Faculty of Life Sciences and Medicine, Kings College London, London, UK
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Department of Clinical Biochemistry, King’s College Hospital NHS Foundation Trust, Denmark Hill, London, UK
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Neuroendocrine Tumour Unit, Kings Health Partners ENETS Centre of Excellence, Denmark Hill, London, UK
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Barts and the London School of Medicine, Centre for Endocrinology, William Harvey Institute, London, UK
Neuroendocrine Tumour Unit, Royal Free Hospital, London, UK
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Faculty of Life Sciences and Medicine, Kings College London, London, UK
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Faculty of Life Sciences and Medicine, School of Life Course Sciences, Obesity Immunometabolism and Diabetes Group, King’s College London, London, UK
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Introduction Neuroendocrine neoplasms (NENs) are a group of tumours that can often synthesise and secrete biologically active substances. This can lead to an array of clinical presentations, also referred to as paraneoplastic syndromes (PNS
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Introduction Small intestinal neuroendocrine tumors (SI-NETs) arise from enterochromaffin cells in the gastrointestinal tract, which are small and slow-growing (Ki67 proliferation index is often <2%) tumors with annual incidence of 1 per 100
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neurodevelopmental disorders ( 3 , 4 , 5 , 6 ). Therefore, it is important to gain a better understanding of early thyroid dysfunction on offspring neurodevelopment ( 1 , 7 ). Another major cause of thyroid dysfunction can be the presence of thyroid hormone-disrupting
Instituto de Investigación en Biomedicina de Buenos Aires – CONICET, Departamento de Fisiología, Partner Institute of the Max Planck Society, Buenos Aires, Argentina
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Instituto de Investigación en Biomedicina de Buenos Aires – CONICET, Departamento de Fisiología, Partner Institute of the Max Planck Society, Buenos Aires, Argentina
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Instituto de Investigación en Biomedicina de Buenos Aires – CONICET, Departamento de Fisiología, Partner Institute of the Max Planck Society, Buenos Aires, Argentina
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aforementioned inflammatory mediators, thus propagating cellular inflammation (3, 4, 5) . However, return to homeostasis – in which the neuroendocrine system has a paramount role – is necessary, considering that if the inflammatory process itself is prolonged it
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MRI should be considered for surveying adrenal glands every three years, and surveillance for pituitary disease by MRI occurs at 3–5 yearly intervals ( 3 ). Recently, the European Neuroendocrine Tumour Society (ENETS) published consensus guidance on
BARROW Neurological Institute at Phoenix Children’s Hospital, Phoenix, Arizona, USA
Department of Child Health, University of Arizona College of Medicine – Phoenix, Phoenix, Arizona, USA
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Department of Child Health, University of Arizona College of Medicine – Phoenix, Phoenix, Arizona, USA
Department of Biology and Biochemistry, University of Bath, UK
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Department of Child Health, University of Arizona College of Medicine – Phoenix, Phoenix, Arizona, USA
Department of Biology and Biochemistry, University of Bath, UK
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Department of Child Health, University of Arizona College of Medicine – Phoenix, Phoenix, Arizona, USA
School of Biological and Health Systems Engineering, Arizona State University, Tempe, Arizona, USA
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BARROW Neurological Institute at Phoenix Children’s Hospital, Phoenix, Arizona, USA
Department of Child Health, University of Arizona College of Medicine – Phoenix, Phoenix, Arizona, USA
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BARROW Neurological Institute at Phoenix Children’s Hospital, Phoenix, Arizona, USA
Department of Child Health, University of Arizona College of Medicine – Phoenix, Phoenix, Arizona, USA
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injury can change neuron dendritic complexity within the PVN remain to be determined. However, while these structural changes are subtle, their contribution to chronic neuroendocrine disruption should be taken into consideration in regards to hormone
Nanchang University, Nanchang, Jiangxi Province, China
Institute of Neuroscience, Nanchang University, Nanchang, Jiangxi Province, China
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Nanchang University, Nanchang, Jiangxi Province, China
Institute of Neuroscience, Nanchang University, Nanchang, Jiangxi Province, China
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Nanchang University, Nanchang, Jiangxi Province, China
Institute of Neuroscience, Nanchang University, Nanchang, Jiangxi Province, China
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Nanchang University, Nanchang, Jiangxi Province, China
Institute of Neuroscience, Nanchang University, Nanchang, Jiangxi Province, China
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Nanchang University, Nanchang, Jiangxi Province, China
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Department of Urology, the 2nd affiliated hospital, Jiangxi Medical College, Nanchang University, Nanchang, Jiangxi Province, China
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Nanchang University, Nanchang, Jiangxi Province, China
Institute of Neuroscience, Nanchang University, Nanchang, Jiangxi Province, China
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Introduction Pituitary neuroendocrine tumors, representing 10–20% of intracranial tumors in adults, are the second most prevalent benign neuroendocrine tumors in the central nervous system ( 1 , 2 , 3 ). Most pituitary neuroendocrine tumors