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Jian Gong School of Basic Medicine, Hubei University of Chinese Medicine, Wuhan, China

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Yinjuan Lv School of Basic Medicine, Hubei University of Chinese Medicine, Wuhan, China

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Yuhao Meng Hubei University of Chinese Medicine, Wuhan, China

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Weiheng Zhang Hubei University of Chinese Medicine, Wuhan, China

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Xiaocui Jiang Hubei University of Chinese Medicine, Wuhan, China

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Min Xiao Laboratory Animal Center, Hubei University of Chinese Medicine, Wuhan, China

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Introduction Prenatal stress (PS) is the body's response when various internal and external factors stimulate a woman during pregnancy ( 1 ). Studies have shown that when women are exposed to stressful events during pregnancy, they can disrupt

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André Marques-Pinto Serviço de Endocrinologia, Departamento de Endocrinologia, Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade do Porto, Al. Prof. Hernâni Monteiro, 4200-319 Porto, Portugal

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Davide Carvalho Serviço de Endocrinologia, Departamento de Endocrinologia, Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade do Porto, Al. Prof. Hernâni Monteiro, 4200-319 Porto, Portugal
Serviço de Endocrinologia, Departamento de Endocrinologia, Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade do Porto, Al. Prof. Hernâni Monteiro, 4200-319 Porto, Portugal

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-2826.2002.00845.x ). 191 Khan IA Thomas P . Disruption of neuroendocrine control of luteinizing hormone secretion by Aroclor 1254 involves inhibition of hypothalamic tryptophan hydroxylase activity . Biology of Reproduction 2001 64 955 – 964 . ( doi:10

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Angelica Amorim Amato Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Brasilia, Brasilia, Brazil
Department of Developmental and Cell Biology, University of California, Irvine, California, USA

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Hailey Brit Wheeler Department of Developmental and Cell Biology, University of California, Irvine, California, USA

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Bruce Blumberg Department of Developmental and Cell Biology, University of California, Irvine, California, USA
Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of California, Irvine, California, USA
Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of California, Irvine, California, USA

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, 17 ). These include stress ( 18 ), disrupted circadian rhythms ( 19 ), the composition of the gut microbiome (bacterial diversity, balance of bacterial types and the particular species found) ( 20 , 21 ), air pollution from proximity to highways ( 22

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David C Llewellyn Department of Endocrinology ASO/EASO COM, King’s College Hospital NHS Foundation Trust, Denmark Hill, London, UK

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Rajaventhan Srirajaskanthan Neuroendocrine Tumour Unit, Kings Health Partners ENETS Centre of Excellence, Denmark Hill, London, UK
Faculty of Life Sciences and Medicine, Kings College London, London, UK

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Royce P Vincent Faculty of Life Sciences and Medicine, Kings College London, London, UK
Department of Clinical Biochemistry, King’s College Hospital NHS Foundation Trust, Denmark Hill, London, UK

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Catherine Guy Department of Cellular Pathology, Royal Sussex County Hospital, Eastern Road, Brighton, UK

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Eftychia E Drakou Department of Clinical Oncology, Guy’s Cancer Centre – Guy’s and St Thomas’ NHS Foundation Trust, Great Maze Pond, London, UK

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Simon J B Aylwin Department of Endocrinology ASO/EASO COM, King’s College Hospital NHS Foundation Trust, Denmark Hill, London, UK
Neuroendocrine Tumour Unit, Kings Health Partners ENETS Centre of Excellence, Denmark Hill, London, UK

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Ashley B Grossman Oxford Centre for Diabetes, Endocrinology and Metabolism, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
Barts and the London School of Medicine, Centre for Endocrinology, William Harvey Institute, London, UK
Neuroendocrine Tumour Unit, Royal Free Hospital, London, UK

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John K Ramage Neuroendocrine Tumour Unit, Kings Health Partners ENETS Centre of Excellence, Denmark Hill, London, UK
Faculty of Life Sciences and Medicine, Kings College London, London, UK

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Georgios K Dimitriadis Department of Endocrinology ASO/EASO COM, King’s College Hospital NHS Foundation Trust, Denmark Hill, London, UK
Faculty of Life Sciences and Medicine, School of Life Course Sciences, Obesity Immunometabolism and Diabetes Group, King’s College London, London, UK

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Introduction Neuroendocrine neoplasms (NENs) are a group of tumours that can often synthesise and secrete biologically active substances. This can lead to an array of clinical presentations, also referred to as paraneoplastic syndromes (PNS

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Elham Barazeghi Department of Surgical Sciences, Uppsala University, Uppsala University Hospital, Rudbeck Laboratory, Uppsala, Sweden

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Per Hellman Department of Surgical Sciences, Uppsala University, Uppsala University Hospital, Rudbeck Laboratory, Uppsala, Sweden

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Gunnar Westin Department of Surgical Sciences, Uppsala University, Uppsala University Hospital, Rudbeck Laboratory, Uppsala, Sweden

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Peter Stålberg Department of Surgical Sciences, Uppsala University, Uppsala University Hospital, Rudbeck Laboratory, Uppsala, Sweden

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Introduction Small intestinal neuroendocrine tumors (SI-NETs) arise from enterochromaffin cells in the gastrointestinal tract, which are small and slow-growing (Ki67 proliferation index is often <2%) tumors with annual incidence of 1 per 100

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Bilal B Mughal CNRS/UMR7221, Muséum National d’Histoire Naturelle, Sorbonne Universités, Paris, France

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Jean-Baptiste Fini CNRS/UMR7221, Muséum National d’Histoire Naturelle, Sorbonne Universités, Paris, France

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Barbara A Demeneix CNRS/UMR7221, Muséum National d’Histoire Naturelle, Sorbonne Universités, Paris, France

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neurodevelopmental disorders ( 3 , 4 , 5 , 6 ). Therefore, it is important to gain a better understanding of early thyroid dysfunction on offspring neurodevelopment ( 1 , 7 ). Another major cause of thyroid dysfunction can be the presence of thyroid hormone-disrupting

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Fernando Aprile-Garcia Instituto de Investigación en Biomedicina de Buenos Aires – CONICET, Departamento de Fisiología, Partner Institute of the Max Planck Society, Buenos Aires, Argentina
Instituto de Investigación en Biomedicina de Buenos Aires – CONICET, Departamento de Fisiología, Partner Institute of the Max Planck Society, Buenos Aires, Argentina

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María Antunica-Noguerol Instituto de Investigación en Biomedicina de Buenos Aires – CONICET, Departamento de Fisiología, Partner Institute of the Max Planck Society, Buenos Aires, Argentina
Instituto de Investigación en Biomedicina de Buenos Aires – CONICET, Departamento de Fisiología, Partner Institute of the Max Planck Society, Buenos Aires, Argentina

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Maia Ludmila Budziñski Instituto de Investigación en Biomedicina de Buenos Aires – CONICET, Departamento de Fisiología, Partner Institute of the Max Planck Society, Buenos Aires, Argentina

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Ana C Liberman Instituto de Investigación en Biomedicina de Buenos Aires – CONICET, Departamento de Fisiología, Partner Institute of the Max Planck Society, Buenos Aires, Argentina

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Eduardo Arzt Instituto de Investigación en Biomedicina de Buenos Aires – CONICET, Departamento de Fisiología, Partner Institute of the Max Planck Society, Buenos Aires, Argentina
Instituto de Investigación en Biomedicina de Buenos Aires – CONICET, Departamento de Fisiología, Partner Institute of the Max Planck Society, Buenos Aires, Argentina

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aforementioned inflammatory mediators, thus propagating cellular inflammation (3, 4, 5) . However, return to homeostasis – in which the neuroendocrine system has a paramount role – is necessary, considering that if the inflammatory process itself is prolonged it

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Ruth Therese Casey Department of Endocrinology, University of Cambridge, Cambridge Biomedical Research Centre, Addenbrooke’s Hospital, Cambridge, UK

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Deborah Saunders East Anglian Regional Radiation Protection Service, Cambridge University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Cambridge, UK

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Benjamin George Challis Department of Endocrinology, University of Cambridge, Cambridge Biomedical Research Centre, Addenbrooke’s Hospital, Cambridge, UK

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Deborah Pitfield Department of Endocrinology, University of Cambridge, Cambridge Biomedical Research Centre, Addenbrooke’s Hospital, Cambridge, UK

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Heok Cheow Department of Radiology, Cambridge University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Cambridge, UK

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Ashley Shaw Department of Radiology, Cambridge University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Cambridge, UK

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Helen Lisa Simpson Wolfson Diabetes and Endocrine Clinic, Institute of Metabolic Science, Addenbrooke’s Hospital, Cambridge University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Cambridge, UK

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MRI should be considered for surveying adrenal glands every three years, and surveillance for pituitary disease by MRI occurs at 3–5 yearly intervals ( 3 ). Recently, the European Neuroendocrine Tumour Society (ENETS) published consensus guidance on

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Rachel K Rowe Phoenix Veterans Affairs Health Care System, Phoenix, Arizona, USA
BARROW Neurological Institute at Phoenix Children’s Hospital, Phoenix, Arizona, USA
Department of Child Health, University of Arizona College of Medicine – Phoenix, Phoenix, Arizona, USA

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Benjamin M Rumney BARROW Neurological Institute at Phoenix Children’s Hospital, Phoenix, Arizona, USA
Department of Child Health, University of Arizona College of Medicine – Phoenix, Phoenix, Arizona, USA
Department of Biology and Biochemistry, University of Bath, UK

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Hazel G May BARROW Neurological Institute at Phoenix Children’s Hospital, Phoenix, Arizona, USA
Department of Child Health, University of Arizona College of Medicine – Phoenix, Phoenix, Arizona, USA
Department of Biology and Biochemistry, University of Bath, UK

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Paska Permana Phoenix Veterans Affairs Health Care System, Phoenix, Arizona, USA

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P David Adelson BARROW Neurological Institute at Phoenix Children’s Hospital, Phoenix, Arizona, USA
Department of Child Health, University of Arizona College of Medicine – Phoenix, Phoenix, Arizona, USA
School of Biological and Health Systems Engineering, Arizona State University, Tempe, Arizona, USA

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S Mitchell Harman Phoenix Veterans Affairs Health Care System, Phoenix, Arizona, USA

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Jonathan Lifshitz Phoenix Veterans Affairs Health Care System, Phoenix, Arizona, USA
BARROW Neurological Institute at Phoenix Children’s Hospital, Phoenix, Arizona, USA
Department of Child Health, University of Arizona College of Medicine – Phoenix, Phoenix, Arizona, USA

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Theresa C Thomas Phoenix Veterans Affairs Health Care System, Phoenix, Arizona, USA
BARROW Neurological Institute at Phoenix Children’s Hospital, Phoenix, Arizona, USA
Department of Child Health, University of Arizona College of Medicine – Phoenix, Phoenix, Arizona, USA

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injury can change neuron dendritic complexity within the PVN remain to be determined. However, while these structural changes are subtle, their contribution to chronic neuroendocrine disruption should be taken into consideration in regards to hormone

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Shikai Gui Department of Neurosurgery, the 2nd affiliated hospital, Jiangxi Medical College, Nanchang University, Nanchang, Jiangxi Province, China
Nanchang University, Nanchang, Jiangxi Province, China
Institute of Neuroscience, Nanchang University, Nanchang, Jiangxi Province, China

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Wanli Yu Department of Neurosurgery, the 2nd affiliated hospital, Jiangxi Medical College, Nanchang University, Nanchang, Jiangxi Province, China
Nanchang University, Nanchang, Jiangxi Province, China
Institute of Neuroscience, Nanchang University, Nanchang, Jiangxi Province, China

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Jiabao Xie Department of Neurosurgery, the 2nd affiliated hospital, Jiangxi Medical College, Nanchang University, Nanchang, Jiangxi Province, China
Nanchang University, Nanchang, Jiangxi Province, China
Institute of Neuroscience, Nanchang University, Nanchang, Jiangxi Province, China

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Lunshan Peng Department of Neurosurgery, the 2nd affiliated hospital, Jiangxi Medical College, Nanchang University, Nanchang, Jiangxi Province, China
Nanchang University, Nanchang, Jiangxi Province, China
Institute of Neuroscience, Nanchang University, Nanchang, Jiangxi Province, China

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Yuanyuan Xiong Department of Neurosurgery, the 2nd affiliated hospital, Jiangxi Medical College, Nanchang University, Nanchang, Jiangxi Province, China
Nanchang University, Nanchang, Jiangxi Province, China

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Zhen Song Nanchang University, Nanchang, Jiangxi Province, China
Department of Urology, the 2nd affiliated hospital, Jiangxi Medical College, Nanchang University, Nanchang, Jiangxi Province, China

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Haitao Luo Department of Neurosurgery, the 2nd affiliated hospital, Jiangxi Medical College, Nanchang University, Nanchang, Jiangxi Province, China

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Juexian Xiao Department of Neurosurgery, the 2nd affiliated hospital, Jiangxi Medical College, Nanchang University, Nanchang, Jiangxi Province, China

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Shengtao Yuan Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Drug Screening, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu Province, China

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Zujue Cheng Department of Neurosurgery, the 2nd affiliated hospital, Jiangxi Medical College, Nanchang University, Nanchang, Jiangxi Province, China
Nanchang University, Nanchang, Jiangxi Province, China
Institute of Neuroscience, Nanchang University, Nanchang, Jiangxi Province, China

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Introduction Pituitary neuroendocrine tumors, representing 10–20% of intracranial tumors in adults, are the second most prevalent benign neuroendocrine tumors in the central nervous system ( 1 , 2 , 3 ). Most pituitary neuroendocrine tumors

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