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Sandra R Dahl Hormone Laboratory, Department of Medical Biochemistry, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway

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Ingrid Nermoen Institute of Clinical Medicine, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
Division of Medicine, Akershus University Hospital, Lørenskog, Norway

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Ingeborg Brønstad National Centre for Ultrasound in Gastroenterology, Haukeland University Hospital, Bergen, Norway
Department of Clinical Medicine, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway

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Eystein S Husebye Department of Clinical Science, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway
K.G. Jebsen-Center for Autoimmune Diseases, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway
Department of Medicine, Haukeland University Hospital, Bergen, Norway

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Kristian Løvås Department of Clinical Science, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway
K.G. Jebsen-Center for Autoimmune Diseases, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway
Department of Medicine, Haukeland University Hospital, Bergen, Norway

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Per M Thorsby Hormone Laboratory, Department of Medical Biochemistry, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway

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for the patient’s age and sex. However, current immunoassays for testosterone are prone to interferences in the female reference range (low levels of testosterone) and can be inaccurate ( 7 , 8 , 9 ). Liquid chromatography–tandem mass spectrometry

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Henrik Ryberg Department of Clinical Chemistry, Sahlgrenska University Hospital, Gothenburg, Sweden
Sahlgrenska Osteoporosis Centre, Center for Bone and Arthritis Research (CBAR), Department of Internal Medicine and Clinical Nutrition, Institute of Medicine, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden

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Anna-Karin Norlén Department of Clinical Chemistry, Sahlgrenska University Hospital, Gothenburg, Sweden
Sahlgrenska Osteoporosis Centre, Center for Bone and Arthritis Research (CBAR), Department of Internal Medicine and Clinical Nutrition, Institute of Medicine, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden

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Andreas Landin Department of Clinical Chemistry, Sahlgrenska University Hospital, Gothenburg, Sweden
Sahlgrenska Osteoporosis Centre, Center for Bone and Arthritis Research (CBAR), Department of Internal Medicine and Clinical Nutrition, Institute of Medicine, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden

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Per Johansson Sahlgrenska Osteoporosis Centre, Center for Bone and Arthritis Research (CBAR), Department of Internal Medicine and Clinical Nutrition, Institute of Medicine, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden

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Zeinab Salman Sahlgrenska Osteoporosis Centre, Center for Bone and Arthritis Research (CBAR), Department of Internal Medicine and Clinical Nutrition, Institute of Medicine, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden

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Anders Wallin Department of Psychiatry and Neurochemistry, Institute of Neuroscience and Physiology, Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, Mölndal, Sweden

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Johan Svensson Sahlgrenska Osteoporosis Centre, Center for Bone and Arthritis Research (CBAR), Department of Internal Medicine and Clinical Nutrition, Institute of Medicine, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
Department of Endocrinology, Skaraborg Central Hospital, Skövde, Sweden

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Claes Ohlsson Sahlgrenska Osteoporosis Centre, Center for Bone and Arthritis Research (CBAR), Department of Internal Medicine and Clinical Nutrition, Institute of Medicine, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden

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detect the low CSF levels and that complementary validations are made. Assays based on mass spectrometry (MS) offer superior combination of sensitivity and specificity and are therefore well suited for analysis of sex steroid hormones ( 11 , 13 ). In

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Letícia Ribeiro Oliveira Interdisciplinary Group for Studies of Sex Determination and Differentiation (GIEDDS), School of Medical Sciences (FCM), State University of Campinas (UNICAMP), Campinas, Sao Paulo, Brazil
Department of Pediatrics, Federal University of Uberlandia (UFU), Uberlandia, Minas Gerais, Brazil

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Carlos Alberto Longui Pediatric Endocrinology Unit, School of Medical Sciences, Irmandade da Santa Casa de Misericordia de Sao Paulo, Sao Paulo, Brazil

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Guilherme Guaragna-Filho Interdisciplinary Group for Studies of Sex Determination and Differentiation (GIEDDS), School of Medical Sciences (FCM), State University of Campinas (UNICAMP), Campinas, Sao Paulo, Brazil
Department of Pediatrics, Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul (UFRGS), Porto Alegre, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil

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José Luiz Costa School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, UNICAMP, Campinas, Sao Paulo, Brazil
Poison Control Center, FCM, UNICAMP, Campinas, Sao Paulo, Brazil

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Rafael Lanaro Poison Control Center, FCM, UNICAMP, Campinas, Sao Paulo, Brazil

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David Antônio Silva Laboratory of Physiology, Division of Clinical Pathology, Clinical Hospital, UNICAMP, Campinas, Sao Paulo, Brazil

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Maria Izabel Chiamolera Fleury Group, Sao Paulo, Brazil

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Maricilda Palandi de Mello Interdisciplinary Group for Studies of Sex Determination and Differentiation (GIEDDS), School of Medical Sciences (FCM), State University of Campinas (UNICAMP), Campinas, Sao Paulo, Brazil
Laboratory of Human Molecular Genetics, Center for Molecular Biology and Genetics Engineering (CBMEG), UNICAMP, Campinas, Sao Paulo, Brazil

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André Moreno Morcillo Department of Pediatrics, FCM, UNICAMP, Campinas, Sao Paulo, Brazil

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Andrea Trevas Maciel-Guerra Interdisciplinary Group for Studies of Sex Determination and Differentiation (GIEDDS), School of Medical Sciences (FCM), State University of Campinas (UNICAMP), Campinas, Sao Paulo, Brazil
Department of Medical Genetics and Genomic Medicine, FCM, UNICAMP, Campinas, Sao Paulo, Brazil

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Gil Guerra-Junior Interdisciplinary Group for Studies of Sex Determination and Differentiation (GIEDDS), School of Medical Sciences (FCM), State University of Campinas (UNICAMP), Campinas, Sao Paulo, Brazil
Department of Pediatrics, FCM, UNICAMP, Campinas, Sao Paulo, Brazil

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chromatography coupled to mass spectrometry (MS) is frequently used for steroid analyses ( 1 , 3 , 4 ). These techniques are more specific and more accurate than IA ( 6 ), however, they are still high-cost methods and are not available as routine tests in most

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Sonja Kunz Department of Medicine IV, University Hospital, Ludwig Maximilian University Munich, Munich, Germany

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Xiao Wang Department of Medicine IV, University Hospital, Ludwig Maximilian University Munich, Munich, Germany

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Uta Ferrari Department of Medicine IV, University Hospital, Ludwig Maximilian University Munich, Munich, Germany

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Michael Drey Department of Medicine IV, University Hospital, Ludwig Maximilian University Munich, Munich, Germany

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Marily Theodoropoulou Department of Medicine IV, University Hospital, Ludwig Maximilian University Munich, Munich, Germany

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Katharina Schilbach Department of Medicine IV, University Hospital, Ludwig Maximilian University Munich, Munich, Germany

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Martin Reincke Department of Medicine IV, University Hospital, Ludwig Maximilian University Munich, Munich, Germany

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Margit Heier Institute of Epidemiology, Helmholtz Zentrum München, German Research Center for Environmental Health, Neuherberg, Germany
KORA Study Centre, University Hospital of Augsburg, Augsburg, Augsburg, Germany

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Annette Peters Institute of Epidemiology, Helmholtz Zentrum München, German Research Center for Environmental Health, Neuherberg, Germany
German Centre for Cardiovascular Research (DZHK), Partner site Munich Heart Alliance, Munich, Germany

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Wolfgang Koenig German Centre for Cardiovascular Research (DZHK), Partner site Munich Heart Alliance, Munich, Germany
German Heart Centre Munich, Technical University of Munich, Munich, Germany
Institute of Epidemiology and Medical Biometry, University of Ulm, Ulm, Germany

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Tanja Zeller Department of General and Interventional Cardiology, University Heart Center Hamburg, Hamburg, Germany
German Centre for Cardiovascular Research (DZHK), Partner Site Hamburg/Kiel/Lübeck, Hamburg, Germany

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Barbara Thorand Institute of Epidemiology, Helmholtz Zentrum München, German Research Center for Environmental Health, Neuherberg, Germany

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Martin Bidlingmaier Department of Medicine IV, University Hospital, Ludwig Maximilian University Munich, Munich, Germany

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similar chemical structures and physical properties, circulating at very different concentrations ( 6 , 7 ). More recently, measurements by liquid chromatography (LC) coupled to mass spectrometry (MS) became more widely available. It offers improved

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Britt J van Keulen Department of Pediatric Endocrinology, Emma Children’s Hospital, Amsterdam University Medical Centers, location VUmc, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
Department of Pediatrics, Amsterdam UMC, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam Reproduction & Development Research Institute, de Boelelaan, Amsterdam, The Netherlands

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Michelle Romijn Department of Pediatric Endocrinology, Emma Children’s Hospital, Amsterdam University Medical Centers, location VUmc, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
Department of Pediatrics, Amsterdam UMC, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam Reproduction & Development Research Institute, de Boelelaan, Amsterdam, The Netherlands

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Bibian van der Voorn Department of Pediatric Endocrinology, Sophia Kinderziekenhuis, Erasmus MC, University Medical Center Rotterdam, Rotterdam, The Netherlands

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Marita de Waard Emma Children’s Hospital, Amsterdam University Medical Centers, locations AMC and VUmc, Amsterdam, The Netherlands

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Michaela F Hartmann Steroid Research and Mass Spectrometry Unit, Laboratory for Translational Hormone Analytics, Pediatric Endocrinology & Diabetology, Center of Child and Adolescent Medicine, Justus-Liebig-University, Giessen, Germany

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Johannes B van Goudoever Emma Children’s Hospital, Amsterdam University Medical Centers, locations AMC and VUmc, Amsterdam, The Netherlands

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Stefan A Wudy Steroid Research and Mass Spectrometry Unit, Laboratory for Translational Hormone Analytics, Pediatric Endocrinology & Diabetology, Center of Child and Adolescent Medicine, Justus-Liebig-University, Giessen, Germany

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Joost Rotteveel Department of Pediatric Endocrinology, Emma Children’s Hospital, Amsterdam University Medical Centers, location VUmc, Amsterdam, The Netherlands

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Martijn J J Finken Department of Pediatric Endocrinology, Emma Children’s Hospital, Amsterdam University Medical Centers, location VUmc, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
Department of Pediatrics, Amsterdam UMC, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam Reproduction & Development Research Institute, de Boelelaan, Amsterdam, The Netherlands

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Hartmann MF Kampschulte B Gack H Bodeker RH Gortner L Wudy SA Cortisol production rates in preterm infants in relation to growth and illness: a noninvasive prospective study using gas chromatography-mass spectrometry . Journal of Clinical

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Aneta Gawlik Department of Pediatrics and Pediatric Endocrinology, School of Medicine in Katowice, Medical University of Silesia, Upper Silesia Children’s Care Health Centre, Katowice, Poland

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Michael Shmoish Bioinformatics Knowledge Unit, Lorry I. Lokey Interdisciplinary Center for Life Sciences and Engineering, Technion – Israel Institute of Technology, Haifa, Israel

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Michaela F Hartmann Steroid Research & Mass Spectrometry Unit, Division of Pediatric Endocrinology and Diabetology, Center of Child and Adolescent Medicine, Justus Liebig University, Giessen, Germany

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Stefan A Wudy Steroid Research & Mass Spectrometry Unit, Division of Pediatric Endocrinology and Diabetology, Center of Child and Adolescent Medicine, Justus Liebig University, Giessen, Germany

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Zbigniew Olczak Department of Diagnostic Imaging, Upper Silesia Children’s Care Health Centre, Katowice, Poland

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Katarzyna Gruszczynska Department of Diagnostic Imaging, School of Medicine in Katowice, Medical University of Silesia, Upper Silesia Children’s Care Health Centre, Katowice, Poland

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Ze’ev Hochberg Faculty of Medicine, Technion – Israel Institute of Technology, Haifa, Israel

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ultrasonography – L1 L , or both – L1 AL ) where defined as liver disease – L1 as compared to L0 – without markers of liver disease. Gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS) of urinary steroids Steroid metabolites in 24-h urine samples were analyzed by

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Martijn J J Finken Department of Pediatric Endocrinology, Emma Children’s Hospital, Amsterdam UMC, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands

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Aleid J G Wirix Department of Public and Occupational Health, EMGO Institute for Health and Care Research, Amsterdam University Medical Centers, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands

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Ines A von Rosenstiel-Jadoul Department of Pediatrics, Rijnstate Hospital, Arnhem, The Netherlands

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Bibian van der Voorn Department of Pediatric Endocrinology and Obesity Center CGG, Erasmus MC Sophia Children’s Hospital, Rotterdam, The Netherlands

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Mai J M Chinapaw Department of Public and Occupational Health, EMGO Institute for Health and Care Research, Amsterdam University Medical Centers, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands

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Michaela F Hartmann Steroid Research and Mass Spectrometry Unit, Laboratory for Translational Hormone Analytics, Department of Pediatric Endocrinology & Diabetology, Center of Child and Adolescent Medicine, Justus Liebig University, Giessen, Germany

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Joana E Kist-van Holthe Department of Public and Occupational Health, EMGO Institute for Health and Care Research, Amsterdam University Medical Centers, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands

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Stefan A Wudy Steroid Research and Mass Spectrometry Unit, Laboratory for Translational Hormone Analytics, Department of Pediatric Endocrinology & Diabetology, Center of Child and Adolescent Medicine, Justus Liebig University, Giessen, Germany

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Joost Rotteveel Department of Pediatric Endocrinology, Emma Children’s Hospital, Amsterdam UMC, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands

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development of obesity-associated hypertension requires various concerted steps that could result in an increased availability of bioactive glucocorticoids. Therefore, in the present study using targeted gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS) steroid

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Thomas Reinehr Department of Pediatric Endocrinology, Diabetes and Nutrition Medicine, Vestische Hospital for Children and Adolescents Datteln, University of Witten/Herdecke, Witten, Germany

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Alberto Sánchez-Guijo Steroid Research & Mass Spectrometry Unit, Division of Pediatric Endocrinology and Diabetology, Center of Child and Adolescent Medicine, Justus-Liebig-University Giessen, Giessen, Germany

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Nina Lass Department of Pediatric Endocrinology, Diabetes and Nutrition Medicine, Vestische Hospital for Children and Adolescents Datteln, University of Witten/Herdecke, Witten, Germany

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Stefan A Wudy Steroid Research & Mass Spectrometry Unit, Division of Pediatric Endocrinology and Diabetology, Center of Child and Adolescent Medicine, Justus-Liebig-University Giessen, Giessen, Germany

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-of-the-art liquid chromatography–tandem mass spectrometry (LC–MS/MS) ( 20 ). This method can quantify 11 sulfated steroids simultaneously, providing a powerful tool to understand the sulfated steroidome in human blood ( 21 ). We hypothesized that sulfated steroids

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Teresa Lam School of Medicine, Western Sydney University, Penrith, New South Wales, Australia
Department of Diabetes and Endocrinology, Blacktown Hospital, Blacktown, New South Wales, Australia
Department of Diabetes and Endocrinology, Westmead Hospital, Westmead, New South Wales, Australia

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Mark McLean School of Medicine, Western Sydney University, Penrith, New South Wales, Australia
Department of Diabetes and Endocrinology, Blacktown Hospital, Blacktown, New South Wales, Australia

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Amy Hayden Department of Radiation Oncology, Blacktown Hospital, Blacktown, New South Wales, Australia
Crown Princess Mary Cancer Centre, Westmead Hospital, Westmead, New South Wales, Australia

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Anne Poljak Bioanalytical Mass Spectrometry Facility and School of Medical Sciences, UNSW Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia

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Birinder Cheema School of Science and Health, Western Sydney University, Penrith, New South Wales, Australia

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Howard Gurney Crown Princess Mary Cancer Centre, Westmead Hospital, Westmead, New South Wales, Australia

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Glenn Stone School of Computing, Engineering and Mathematics, Western Sydney University, Penrith, New South Wales, Australia

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Neha Bahl School of Medicine, Western Sydney University, Penrith, New South Wales, Australia

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Navneeta Reddy Department of Diabetes and Endocrinology, Blacktown Hospital, Blacktown, New South Wales, Australia
Garvan Institute of Medical Research, Darlinghurst, New South Wales, Australia

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Haleh Shahidipour School of Medicine, Western Sydney University, Penrith, New South Wales, Australia
Department of Diabetes and Endocrinology, Blacktown Hospital, Blacktown, New South Wales, Australia
School of Medicine, UNSW Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
Translational Health Research Institute, Penrith, New South Wales, Australia

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Vita Birzniece School of Medicine, Western Sydney University, Penrith, New South Wales, Australia
Department of Diabetes and Endocrinology, Blacktown Hospital, Blacktown, New South Wales, Australia
Garvan Institute of Medical Research, Darlinghurst, New South Wales, Australia
School of Medicine, UNSW Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
Translational Health Research Institute, Penrith, New South Wales, Australia

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from plasma as described by Nissen et al. ( 16 ) and plasma KIC enrichment with 13 C was measured by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GCMS; MSD 5971A, Hewlett-Packard Co., Palo Alto, CA, USA). CO 2 enrichment with 13 C in breath samples was

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Mélanie Rouleau Division of Urology, Department of Surgery and Cancer Research Center, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire (CHU) de Québec-Université Laval, Québec, Québec, Canada

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Francis Lemire Division of Urology, Department of Surgery and Cancer Research Center, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire (CHU) de Québec-Université Laval, Québec, Québec, Canada

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Michel Déry Biochemistry Service, Medical Laboratory Department, CHU de Québec-Université Laval, Québec, Québec, Canada

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Benoît Thériault Division of Urology, Department of Surgery and Cancer Research Center, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire (CHU) de Québec-Université Laval, Québec, Québec, Canada

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Gabriel Dubois Division of Urology, Department of Surgery and Cancer Research Center, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire (CHU) de Québec-Université Laval, Québec, Québec, Canada

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Yves Fradet Division of Urology, Department of Surgery and Cancer Research Center, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire (CHU) de Québec-Université Laval, Québec, Québec, Canada

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Paul Toren Division of Urology, Department of Surgery and Cancer Research Center, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire (CHU) de Québec-Université Laval, Québec, Québec, Canada

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Chantal Guillemette Pharmacy Faculty, Université Laval and CHU de Québec-Université Laval, Québec, Québec, Canada

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Louis Lacombe Division of Urology, Department of Surgery and Cancer Research Center, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire (CHU) de Québec-Université Laval, Québec, Québec, Canada

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Laurence Klotz Sunnybrook Health Sciences Centre, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada

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Fred Saad Centre Hospitalier de l’Université de Montréal, Montréal, Québec, Canada

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Dominique Guérette Biochemistry Service, Medical Laboratory Department, CHU de Québec-Université Laval, Québec, Québec, Canada

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Frédéric Pouliot Division of Urology, Department of Surgery and Cancer Research Center, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire (CHU) de Québec-Université Laval, Québec, Québec, Canada

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). Contemporary electrochemiluminescent immunoassay methods have a lower LLOQ (around 0.4 nM), thus lower castration testosterone levels are now targeted (<0.7 nM) ( 10 ). Mass spectrometry (MS) has been shown to be more sensitive and accurate than immunoassay

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