Henrik H Thomsen
Henrik H Thomsen
Medical Research Laboratories, Departments of Clinical Biochemistry, Molecular Medicine, Department of Clinical Genetics, Department of Endocrinology and Internal Medicine, Clinical Institute, Aarhus University Hospital, Nørrebrogade 44, DK-8000 Aarhus C, Denmark
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Holger J Møller
Holger J Møller
Medical Research Laboratories, Departments of Clinical Biochemistry, Molecular Medicine, Department of Clinical Genetics, Department of Endocrinology and Internal Medicine, Clinical Institute, Aarhus University Hospital, Nørrebrogade 44, DK-8000 Aarhus C, Denmark
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Christian Trolle
Christian Trolle
Medical Research Laboratories, Departments of Clinical Biochemistry, Molecular Medicine, Department of Clinical Genetics, Department of Endocrinology and Internal Medicine, Clinical Institute, Aarhus University Hospital, Nørrebrogade 44, DK-8000 Aarhus C, Denmark
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Kristian A Groth
Kristian A Groth
Medical Research Laboratories, Departments of Clinical Biochemistry, Molecular Medicine, Department of Clinical Genetics, Department of Endocrinology and Internal Medicine, Clinical Institute, Aarhus University Hospital, Nørrebrogade 44, DK-8000 Aarhus C, Denmark
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Anne Skakkebæk
Anne Skakkebæk
Medical Research Laboratories, Departments of Clinical Biochemistry, Molecular Medicine, Department of Clinical Genetics, Department of Endocrinology and Internal Medicine, Clinical Institute, Aarhus University Hospital, Nørrebrogade 44, DK-8000 Aarhus C, Denmark
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Anders Bojesen
Anders Bojesen
Medical Research Laboratories, Departments of Clinical Biochemistry, Molecular Medicine, Department of Clinical Genetics, Department of Endocrinology and Internal Medicine, Clinical Institute, Aarhus University Hospital, Nørrebrogade 44, DK-8000 Aarhus C, Denmark
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Christian Høst
Christian Høst
Medical Research Laboratories, Departments of Clinical Biochemistry, Molecular Medicine, Department of Clinical Genetics, Department of Endocrinology and Internal Medicine, Clinical Institute, Aarhus University Hospital, Nørrebrogade 44, DK-8000 Aarhus C, Denmark
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Claus H Gravholt
Claus H Gravholt
Medical Research Laboratories, Departments of Clinical Biochemistry, Molecular Medicine, Department of Clinical Genetics, Department of Endocrinology and Internal Medicine, Clinical Institute, Aarhus University Hospital, Nørrebrogade 44, DK-8000 Aarhus C, Denmark
Medical Research Laboratories, Departments of Clinical Biochemistry, Molecular Medicine, Department of Clinical Genetics, Department of Endocrinology and Internal Medicine, Clinical Institute, Aarhus University Hospital, Nørrebrogade 44, DK-8000 Aarhus C, Denmark
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Medical Research Laboratories, Departments of Clinical Biochemistry, Molecular Medicine, Department of Clinical Genetics, Department of Endocrinology and Internal Medicine, Clinical Institute, Aarhus University Hospital, Nørrebrogade 44, DK-8000 Aarhus C, Denmark
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have been linked to states of low-grade inflammation such as diabetes, obesity, liver disease, and atherosclerosis (5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11) , underscoring the important role of macrophages in initiating and propagating these conditions. Previously, we
Ermina Bach
Ermina Bach
Department of Endocrinology and Internal Medicine, Aarhus University Hospital, Aarhus, Denmark
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Niels Møller
Niels Møller
Department of Endocrinology and Internal Medicine, Aarhus University Hospital, Aarhus, Denmark
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Jens Otto L Jørgensen
Jens Otto L Jørgensen
Department of Endocrinology and Internal Medicine, Aarhus University Hospital, Aarhus, Denmark
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Mads Buhl
Mads Buhl
The Neonatal Intensive Care Unit, Aarhus University Hospital, Aarhus, Denmark
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Holger Jon Møller
Holger Jon Møller
Department of Clinical Biochemistry, Aarhus University Hospital, Aarhus, Denmark
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in sCD163 are seen in conditions of low-grade inflammation, such as obesity, insulin resistance and type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2D) ( 17 , 18 , 19 , 20 ), but it is not known if these changes are directly linked to low-grade endotoxinemia or they
Charlotte Höybye
Charlotte Höybye
Patient Area Endocrinology and Nephrology, Infection and Inflammation Theme, Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden
Department of Molecular Medicine and Surgery, Karolinska Institute, Stockholm, Sweden
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Department of Molecular Medicine and Surgery, Karolinska Institute, Stockholm, Sweden
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Laia Faseh
Laia Faseh
Department of Molecular Medicine and Surgery, Karolinska Institute, Stockholm, Sweden
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Christos Himonakos
Christos Himonakos
Department of Molecular Medicine and Surgery, Karolinska Institute, Stockholm, Sweden
Department of Medicine, Karlstad Hospital, Karlstad, Sweden
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Department of Medicine, Karlstad Hospital, Karlstad, Sweden
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Tomasz Pielak
Tomasz Pielak
NUTOPI Sp. z o. o., Poznan, Poland
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Jesper Eugen-Olsen
Jesper Eugen-Olsen
Clinical Research Centre, Copenhagen University Hospital Hvidovre, Hvidovre, Denmark
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shown that GH treatment improves the above-mentioned risk factors for CVD ( 1 , 2 , 3 , 5 , 6 , 7 , 12 , 13 , 14 ), but it is currently unknown if GHD and long-term GHD treatment influences the level of low-grade inflammation. Urokinase
Milica Popovic
Milica Popovic
Department of Endocrinology, Diabetology and Metabolism, University Hospital Basel, Basel, Switzerland
Department of Clinical Research, University of Basel and University Hospital Basel, Basel, Switzerland
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Department of Clinical Research, University of Basel and University Hospital Basel, Basel, Switzerland
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Fahim Ebrahimi
Fahim Ebrahimi
Department of Endocrinology, Diabetology and Metabolism, University Hospital Basel, Basel, Switzerland
Department of Clinical Research, University of Basel and University Hospital Basel, Basel, Switzerland
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Department of Clinical Research, University of Basel and University Hospital Basel, Basel, Switzerland
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Sandrine Andrea Urwyler
Sandrine Andrea Urwyler
Department of Endocrinology, Diabetology and Metabolism, University Hospital Basel, Basel, Switzerland
Department of Clinical Research, University of Basel and University Hospital Basel, Basel, Switzerland
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Department of Clinical Research, University of Basel and University Hospital Basel, Basel, Switzerland
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Marc Yves Donath
Marc Yves Donath
Department of Endocrinology, Diabetology and Metabolism, University Hospital Basel, Basel, Switzerland
Department of Biomedicine, University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland
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Department of Biomedicine, University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland
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Mirjam Christ-Crain
Mirjam Christ-Crain
Department of Endocrinology, Diabetology and Metabolism, University Hospital Basel, Basel, Switzerland
Department of Clinical Research, University of Basel and University Hospital Basel, Basel, Switzerland
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Department of Clinical Research, University of Basel and University Hospital Basel, Basel, Switzerland
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/m 2 with nearly all patients having visceral obesity. Around 70% of the patients presented with chronic low-grade inflammation (defined by a CRP level of ≥2 mg/L). In study A, 86.3% of the patients suffered from either prediabetes or type 2 diabetes
Renea A Taylor
Renea A Taylor
Department of Physiology, Cancer Program and Obesity and Metabolic Disease Program, Biomedicine Discovery Institute, Monash University, Wellington Road, Victoria 3800, Australia
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Jennifer Lo
Jennifer Lo
Department of Physiology, Cancer Program and Obesity and Metabolic Disease Program, Biomedicine Discovery Institute, Monash University, Wellington Road, Victoria 3800, Australia
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Natasha Ascui
Natasha Ascui
Department of Physiology, Cancer Program and Obesity and Metabolic Disease Program, Biomedicine Discovery Institute, Monash University, Wellington Road, Victoria 3800, Australia
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Matthew J Watt
Matthew J Watt
Department of Physiology, Cancer Program and Obesity and Metabolic Disease Program, Biomedicine Discovery Institute, Monash University, Wellington Road, Victoria 3800, Australia
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, somewhere in the order of 0.5–5 pg/ml for TNFα and IL-6 respectively. Hence, low-grade or subclinical chronic inflammation may provide a permissive- or pro-tumorigenic endocrine and/or paracrine environment in obese individuals. IL-6 is associated with
Fahim Ebrahimi
Fahim Ebrahimi
Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Basel Hospital, Basel, Switzerland
Department of Clinical Research, University of Basel Hospital, Basel, Switzerland
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Department of Clinical Research, University of Basel Hospital, Basel, Switzerland
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Sandrine A Urwyler
Sandrine A Urwyler
Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Basel Hospital, Basel, Switzerland
Department of Clinical Research, University of Basel Hospital, Basel, Switzerland
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Department of Clinical Research, University of Basel Hospital, Basel, Switzerland
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Philipp Schuetz
Philipp Schuetz
Department of Clinical Research, University of Basel Hospital, Basel, Switzerland
Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism, University Department of Medicine, Kantonsspital Aarau, Aarau, Switzerland
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Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism, University Department of Medicine, Kantonsspital Aarau, Aarau, Switzerland
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Beat Mueller
Beat Mueller
Department of Clinical Research, University of Basel Hospital, Basel, Switzerland
Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism, University Department of Medicine, Kantonsspital Aarau, Aarau, Switzerland
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Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism, University Department of Medicine, Kantonsspital Aarau, Aarau, Switzerland
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Luca Bernasconi
Luca Bernasconi
Department of Laboratory Medicine, Kantonsspital Aarau, Aarau, Switzerland
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Peter Neyer
Peter Neyer
Department of Laboratory Medicine, Kantonsspital Aarau, Aarau, Switzerland
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Marc Y Donath
Marc Y Donath
Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Basel Hospital, Basel, Switzerland
Department of Clinical Research, University of Basel Hospital, Basel, Switzerland
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Department of Clinical Research, University of Basel Hospital, Basel, Switzerland
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Mirjam Christ-Crain
Mirjam Christ-Crain
Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Basel Hospital, Basel, Switzerland
Department of Clinical Research, University of Basel Hospital, Basel, Switzerland
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Department of Clinical Research, University of Basel Hospital, Basel, Switzerland
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pathway in the development of metabolic complications and atherosclerosis is the release of pro-inflammatory cytokines from adipose tissue promoting a state of chronic low-grade inflammation ( 3 , 4 , 5 ). It has been suggested that inflammation in turn
Zhaoxiang Liu
Zhaoxiang Liu
Department of Endocrinology, Beijing Tsinghua Changgung Hospital, School of Clinical Medicine, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China
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Mingqiang Zhang
Mingqiang Zhang
Department of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, Beijing Tsinghua Changgung Hospital, School of Clinical Medicine, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China
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Xiaohu Shi
Xiaohu Shi
Department of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Peking Union Medical College, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
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Wenhui Zhao
Wenhui Zhao
Department of Endocrinology, Beijing Tsinghua Changgung Hospital, School of Clinical Medicine, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China
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Chenxiang Cao
Chenxiang Cao
Department of Endocrinology, Beijing Tsinghua Changgung Hospital, School of Clinical Medicine, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China
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Lixia Jin
Lixia Jin
Department of Endocrinology, Beijing Tsinghua Changgung Hospital, School of Clinical Medicine, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China
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Yanlei Wang
Yanlei Wang
Department of Endocrinology, Beijing Tsinghua Changgung Hospital, School of Clinical Medicine, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China
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Jianzhong Xiao
Jianzhong Xiao
Department of Endocrinology, Beijing Tsinghua Changgung Hospital, School of Clinical Medicine, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China
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, and waist circumference. These findings suggest that the decreased frequencies of PD-L2 + M-MDSCs and PD-1 + Tregs may contribute to the activation of effector T cells and the development of chronic low-grade inflammation in type 2 diabetes. Our
Xiao-Shan Huang
Xiao-Shan Huang
Department of Radiology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Hangzhou, China
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Ning Dai
Ning Dai
Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Hangzhou, China
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Jian-Xia Xu
Jian-Xia Xu
Department of Radiology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Hangzhou, China
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Jun-Yi Xiang
Jun-Yi Xiang
Department of Radiology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Hangzhou, China
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Xiao-Zhong Zheng
Xiao-Zhong Zheng
Department of Radiology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Hangzhou, China
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Tian-Yu Ke
Tian-Yu Ke
Department of Radiology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Hangzhou, China
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Lin-Ying Ma
Lin-Ying Ma
Department of Radiology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Hangzhou, China
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Qi-Hao Shi
Qi-Hao Shi
Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Hangzhou, China
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Shu-Feng Fan
Shu-Feng Fan
Department of Radiology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Hangzhou, China
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inflammatory disorder characterized by chronic low-grade inflammation and excessive production of pro-inflammatory cytokines, such as tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-α) and interleukin-6 (IL-6). Experimental and clinical evidence suggests that chronic
Frederique Van de Velde
Frederique Van de Velde
Department of Endocrinology, Ghent University Hospital, Ghent, Belgium
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Marlies Bekaert
Marlies Bekaert
Department of Endocrinology, Ghent University Hospital, Ghent, Belgium
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Anja Geerts
Anja Geerts
Department of Hepatology, Ghent University Hospital, Ghent, Belgium
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Anne Hoorens
Anne Hoorens
Department of Pathology, Ghent University Hospital
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Arsène-Hélène Batens
Arsène-Hélène Batens
Department of Endocrinology, Ghent University Hospital, Ghent, Belgium
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Samyah Shadid
Samyah Shadid
Department of Endocrinology, Ghent University Hospital, Ghent, Belgium
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Margriet Ouwens
Margriet Ouwens
Department of Endocrinology, Ghent University Hospital, Ghent, Belgium
Institute of Clinical Biochemistry and Pathobiochemistry, German Diabetes Center at the Heinrich-Heine-University Duesseldorf, Leibniz Center for Diabetes Research, Duesseldorf, Germany
German Center for Diabetes Research (DZD), Munich-Neuherberg, Germany
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Institute of Clinical Biochemistry and Pathobiochemistry, German Diabetes Center at the Heinrich-Heine-University Duesseldorf, Leibniz Center for Diabetes Research, Duesseldorf, Germany
German Center for Diabetes Research (DZD), Munich-Neuherberg, Germany
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Yves Van Nieuwenhove
Yves Van Nieuwenhove
Department of Gastrointestinal Surgery, Ghent University Hospital, Ghent, Belgium
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Bruno Lapauw
Bruno Lapauw
Department of Endocrinology, Ghent University Hospital, Ghent, Belgium
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is the unweighted sum of steatosis grade, lobular inflammation and ballooning and receives a score ranging from 0 to 8. Most cases diagnosed as steatosis have a total NAS score of ≤2, while most cases diagnosed as steatohepatitis have a total score of
Huiyuan Zhai
Huiyuan Zhai
Department of Pharmacy, Nanjing Integrated Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine Hospital, Affiliated with Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, China
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Dongxu Wang
Dongxu Wang
Department of Geriatrics, Nanjing Integrated Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine Hospital, Affiliated with Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, China
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Yong Wang
Yong Wang
Department of Pharmacy, Nanjing Integrated Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine Hospital, Affiliated with Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, China
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Hongwei Gu
Hongwei Gu
Central Laboratory, Nanjing Integrated Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine Hospital, Affiliated with Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, China
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Juan Jv
Juan Jv
Department of Cardiology, Nanjing Integrated Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine Hospital, Affiliated with Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, China
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Liangliang Yuan
Liangliang Yuan
Department of Pharmacy, Nanjing Integrated Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine Hospital, Affiliated with Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, China
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Chao Wang
Chao Wang
Department of Pharmacy, Nanjing Integrated Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine Hospital, Affiliated with Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, China
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Leiyao Chen
Leiyao Chen
Department of Pharmacy, Nanjing Integrated Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine Hospital, Affiliated with Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, China
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.01, ### P < 0.001 vs LPS group. Discussion Obesity and diabetes are intricately linked to low-grade chronic inflammation, particularly within adipose tissue. Adipose tissue macrophages (ATMs) play a pivotal role in inflammation associated
