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Introduction Leptin is a cytokine hormone released into circulation from adipose tissue, placenta and stomach, and is best known for its effects on energy balance ( 1 , 2 , 3 , 4 , 5 ). Animals that lack leptin ( ob/ob ), or its long
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leptin (via PI3K and MAPK pathways activation ( 10 , 11 )) ( Fig. 1 ), where it has been linked to cellular growth and differentiation processes. Moreover, numerous physiological roles for this RNA binding protein have been reported using Sam68-deficient
Université Côte d'Azur, INSERM, C3M, Team Cellular and Molecular Physiopathology of Obesity and Diabetes, Nice, France
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remain poorly understood. As it is known, adipocytes hypertrophy leads to deregulated secretions of pro-inflammatory chemokines, cytokines and adipokines. Among various adipocytokines, leptin, a 16-kDa circulating hormone, is emerging as a key candidate
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, which further enhances the predisposition of developing breast tumors ( 4 ). Among these molecules, leptin is one of the most important adipokines involved in the development and progression of mammary tumors ( 5 ). Leptin is a hormone with a molecular
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is associated with obesity. Increased body fat percentage in humans has been shown to be correlated with higher leptin levels (12) . Leptin is a peptide hormone produced and secreted from the white adipose tissue (13) . In a population of relatively
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lipoprotein metabolism. Adipose tissue is not only an energy storage organ but also an important endocrine organ secreting proteins known as adipokines. Adiponectin and leptin are adipocytokines secreted specifically by adipose cells and both may play an
Division of Reproductive & Developmental Sciences, Oregon National Primate Research Center, Beaverton, Oregon, USA
Department of Behavioral Neuroscience, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, Oregon, USA
Department of Physiology & Pharmacology, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, Oregon, USA
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Division of Reproductive & Developmental Sciences, Oregon National Primate Research Center, Beaverton, Oregon, USA
Department of Obstetrics & Gynecology, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, Oregon, USA
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. Blood samples were collected from each animal under ketamine HCl sedation (10 mg/kg body weight, intramuscular), at Month −1 and again at Month 24; the serum was stored frozen at −20°C and subsequently assayed for leptin, cortisol and DHEAS. Note
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leptin and decreasing serum adiponectin ( 14 , 15 , 16 ). Accordingly, data from in vitro models showed a DEHP-dependent impairment of adipogenesis and adipocyte function ( 14 , 17 ). Analyses on underlying mechanisms are difficult, because energy
Willem-Alexander Children’s Hospital, Department of Pediatrics, Division of Endocrinology, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands
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a UAG: unknown AG: regulates short-term food intake (↑ in hunger, ↓ after food intake) by increasing NPY/AgRP, regulates lipid metabolism by antagonizing leptin effects, increased growth-hormone secretion UAG: anti-diabetogenic, functional
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Introduction It has been shown that the levels of different adipokines, such as leptin, adiponectin, resistin, vaspin, omentin-1 and RBP4 are higher in women than those in men ( 1 , 2 , 3 , 4 , 5 , 6 ), and that estrogens stimulate