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Izabelle Lövgren Division of Cancer Sciences, School of Medical Sciences, Faculty of Biology, Medicine and Health, The University of Manchester, Manchester, UK

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Azadeh Abravan Division of Cancer Sciences, School of Medical Sciences, Faculty of Biology, Medicine and Health, The University of Manchester, Manchester, UK
Radiotherapy Related Research, The Christie NHS Foundation Trust, Manchester, UK

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Abigail Bryce-Atkinson Division of Cancer Sciences, School of Medical Sciences, Faculty of Biology, Medicine and Health, The University of Manchester, Manchester, UK

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Marcel van Herk Division of Cancer Sciences, School of Medical Sciences, Faculty of Biology, Medicine and Health, The University of Manchester, Manchester, UK
Radiotherapy Related Research, The Christie NHS Foundation Trust, Manchester, UK

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efficacy and detrimental side effects, such as secondary neoplasms and endocrine deficiencies, is still needed. As the survival rate has also increased, patients are now living long enough to see these late effects. Common oncological treatments include

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Judith Gebauer Department of Internal Medicine I, University Hospital Schleswig-Holstein, Luebeck, Germany

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Claire E Higham Department of Endocrinology, Christie Hospital NHS Foundation Trust, University of Manchester, and Manchester Academic Health Science Centre, Manchester, UK

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represent a comparably small group of patients in this large cohort that have been studied for decades due to their excellent long-term survival rates and the long life span ahead of them after the end of treatment. Much knowledge about late effects is

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David S McLaren Department of Endocrinology, Leeds Centre for Diabetes & Endocrinology, Leeds Teaching Hospital NHS Trust, Leeds, UK

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Aarani Devi Clinical Oncology, Leeds Cancer Centre, Leeds Teaching Hospital NHS Trust, Leeds, UK

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Nikolaos Kyriakakis Department of Endocrinology, Leeds Centre for Diabetes & Endocrinology, Leeds Teaching Hospital NHS Trust, Leeds, UK

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Michelle Kwok-Williams Clinical Oncology, Leeds Cancer Centre, Leeds Teaching Hospital NHS Trust, Leeds, UK

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Robert D Murray Department of Endocrinology, Leeds Centre for Diabetes & Endocrinology, Leeds Teaching Hospital NHS Trust, Leeds, UK
Division of Cardiovascular and Diabetes Research, Leeds Institute of Cardiovascular and Metabolic Medicine (LICAMM), University of Leeds, Leeds, UK

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disease; however, an increase in cardiovascular mortality ( 5 ) and risk of early- and late-occurring stroke ( 6 , 7 ) are also observed. As a consequence, survivors are more likely to be hospitalised compared with the general population. Effects of

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J Gebauer Department of Internal Medicine I, University Hospital of Schleswig-Holstein, Campus Luebeck and Institute for Endocrinology and Diabetes, University of Luebeck, Luebeck, Germany

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R Skinner Department of Paediatric and Adolescent Haematology and Oncology and Children’s BMT Unit, Great North Children’s Hospital, Newcastle upon Tyne Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, and Translational and Clinical Research Institute, Newcastle University Centre for Cancer, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, UK

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R Haupt DOPO Clinic, Department of Hematology/Oncolgy, IRCCS Istituto Giannina Gaslini, Genova, Italy

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L Kremer Princess Máxima Center for Pediatric Oncology, Utrecht, The Netherlands
Amsterdam UMC, Emma’s Children’s Hospital, Amsterdam, The Netherlands

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H van der Pal Princess Máxima Center for Pediatric Oncology, Utrecht, The Netherlands

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G Michel Department of Health Sciences and Medicine, University of Lucerne, Luzern, Switzerland

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G T Armstrong Department of Epidemiology and Cancer Control, St. Jude Children’s Research Hospital, Memphis, Tennessee, USA

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M M Hudson Department of Oncology, St. Jude Children’s Research Hospital, Memphis, Tennessee, USA

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L Hjorth Department of Clinical Sciences Lund, Paediatrics, Lund University, Skane University Hospital, Lund, Sweden

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H Lehnert Paris Lodron University of Salzburg, Salzburg, Austria

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T Langer Pediatric Hematology and Oncology, University Hospital of Schleswig-Holstein, Campus Luebeck, Luebeck, Germany

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-term survivors suffer from treatment-related late effects, which may occur years to decades after the completion of therapy ( 2 ). Increasing knowledge and recognition of these sequelae resulted in, whenever possible, a reduction or even elimination of

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Paraskevi Kazakou Diabetes Centre, Department of Clinical Therapeutics, Alexandra Hospital, School of Medicine, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Athens, Greece

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Stavroula A Paschou Endocrine Unit, Department of Clinical Therapeutics, Alexandra Hospital, School of Medicine, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Athens, Greece

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Theodora Psaltopoulou Unit of Hematology and Oncology, Department of Clinical Therapeutics, Alexandra Hospital, School of Medicine, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Athens, Greece

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Maria Gavriatopoulou Unit of Hematology and Oncology, Department of Clinical Therapeutics, Alexandra Hospital, School of Medicine, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Athens, Greece

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Eleni Korompoki Department of Clinical Therapeutics, Alexandra Hospital, School of Medicine, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Athens, Greece

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Katerina Stefanaki Endocrine Unit, Department of Clinical Therapeutics, Alexandra Hospital, School of Medicine, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Athens, Greece

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Fotini Kanouta Department of Endocrinology, Alexandra Hospital, Athens, Greece

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Georgia N Kassi Department of Endocrinology, Alexandra Hospital, Athens, Greece

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Meletios-Athanasios Dimopoulos Unit of Hematology and Oncology, Department of Clinical Therapeutics, Alexandra Hospital, School of Medicine, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Athens, Greece

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Asimina Mitrakou Diabetes Centre, Department of Clinical Therapeutics, Alexandra Hospital, School of Medicine, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Athens, Greece

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, and mortality of COVID-19 ( 22 , 23 , 24 , 25 , 26 ). On top of the above, early and late effects of COVID-19 on glucose metabolism are of great interest. Importantly, COVID-19 may worsen glucose homeostasis. COVID-19 infection is characterized

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Mark R Postma Department of Endocrinology, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands

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Pia Burman Department of Endocrinology, Skane University Hospital Malmö, University of Lund, Lund, Sweden

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André P van Beek Department of Endocrinology, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands

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compared to late initiation. Methods Study population The KIMS database (Pfizer International Metabolic Database) was used to study the effects of hypopituitarism on obesity. KIMS, initiated in 1994, is a pharmaco-epidemiological multicentre

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B Shahida Department of Clinical Sciences, Genomics, Diabetes and Endocrinology, Lund University, Malmö, Sweden
Department of Diabetes and Endocrinology, Skåne University Hospital, Malmö, Sweden

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P Sahlstrand Johnson Department of Oto-Rhino-Laryngology, Skåne University Hospital, Malmö, Sweden
Department of Clinical Sciences, Lund University, Malmö, Sweden

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R Jain Department of Clinical Sciences, Genomics, Diabetes and Endocrinology, Lund University, Malmö, Sweden

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H Brorson Department of Clinical Sciences, Lund University, Malmö, Sweden
Department of Plastic Surgery, Skåne University Hospital, Malmö, Sweden

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P Åsman Department of Clinical Sciences Malmö, Ophthalmology, Lund University, Malmö, Sweden
Department of Ophthalmology, Skåne University Hospital, Malmö, Sweden

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M Lantz Department of Clinical Sciences, Genomics, Diabetes and Endocrinology, Lund University, Malmö, Sweden
Department of Diabetes and Endocrinology, Skåne University Hospital, Malmö, Sweden

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T Planck Department of Clinical Sciences, Genomics, Diabetes and Endocrinology, Lund University, Malmö, Sweden
Department of Diabetes and Endocrinology, Skåne University Hospital, Malmö, Sweden

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( Fig. 7 ). Figure 7 Effects of simvastatin on adipogenesis in human primary orbital fibroblasts. Orbital fibroblasts were treated with simvastatin and differentiation cocktail (DC) for 1–12 days. Gene expression was quantified with RT-PCR of late

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Esben S Lauritzen The Medical Research Laboratories, Institute of Clinical Research, Aarhus University, Aarhus C, Denmark
Department of Endocrinology and Internal Medicine, Aarhus University Hospital, Aarhus C, Denmark

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Nikolaj Rittig The Medical Research Laboratories, Institute of Clinical Research, Aarhus University, Aarhus C, Denmark
Department of Endocrinology and Internal Medicine, Aarhus University Hospital, Aarhus C, Denmark

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Ermina Bach The Medical Research Laboratories, Institute of Clinical Research, Aarhus University, Aarhus C, Denmark
Department of Endocrinology and Internal Medicine, Aarhus University Hospital, Aarhus C, Denmark

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Niels Møller The Medical Research Laboratories, Institute of Clinical Research, Aarhus University, Aarhus C, Denmark
Department of Endocrinology and Internal Medicine, Aarhus University Hospital, Aarhus C, Denmark

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Mette Bjerre The Medical Research Laboratories, Institute of Clinical Research, Aarhus University, Aarhus C, Denmark

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exposure, we believe that the late inflammatory FGF21 response in both mice and human is caused by the secondary metabolic effects to the APR, but further studies are required to confirm this hypothesis. There are certain limitations to our study. First

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Ferdinand Roelfsema Department of Internal Medicine, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands

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Diana van Heemst Department of Internal Medicine, Section Gerontology and Geriatrics, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands

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Ali Iranmanesh Endocrine Section, Medical Service, Salem Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Salem, Virginia, USA

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Paul Takahashi Primary Care Internal Medicine, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota, USA

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Rebecca Yang Endocrine Research Unit, Mayo Medical and Graduate Schools, Clinical Translational Research Center, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota, USA

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Johannes D Veldhuis Endocrine Research Unit, Mayo Medical and Graduate Schools, Clinical Translational Research Center, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota, USA

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men than women during daytime only. As shown in 3 different age cohorts in Fig. 1 , older individuals had higher cortisol in the late evening and early night ( Table 3 ). Regression analyses delineated positive correlations with age between clock

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Marcus Imamovic Department of Public Health and Clinical Medicine, Umeå University, Umeå, Sweden

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Nils Bäcklund Department of Public Health and Clinical Medicine, Umeå University, Umeå, Sweden

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Staffan Lundstedt Department of Medical Biosciences, Umeå University, Umeå, Sweden

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Göran Brattsand Department of Medical Biosciences, Umeå University, Umeå, Sweden

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Elisabeth Aardal Department of Clinical Chemistry and Department of Biomedical and Clinical Sciences, Linköping University, Linköping, Sweden

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Tommy Olsson Department of Public Health and Clinical Medicine, Umeå University, Umeå, Sweden

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Per Dahlqvist Department of Public Health and Clinical Medicine, Umeå University, Umeå, Sweden

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) ( 27 ), CV A is the interassay coefficient of variation for the analytical method (7% for both cortisol and cortisone), and CV is each individual's CV based on the baseline late-night salivary samples. Effects of liquorice on blood pressure and

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