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Alberto Battezzati International Center for the Assessment of Nutritional Status, DeFENS, University of Milan, Milan, Italy

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Andrea Foppiani International Center for the Assessment of Nutritional Status, DeFENS, University of Milan, Milan, Italy

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Gianfranco Alicandro Cystic Fibrosis Center, Fondazione Istituto di Ricovero e Cura a Carattere Scientifico Ca’ Granda, Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, University of Milan, Milan, Italy

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Arianna Bisogno Cystic Fibrosis Center, Fondazione Istituto di Ricovero e Cura a Carattere Scientifico Ca’ Granda, Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, University of Milan, Milan, Italy

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Arianna Biffi Cystic Fibrosis Center, Fondazione Istituto di Ricovero e Cura a Carattere Scientifico Ca’ Granda, Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, University of Milan, Milan, Italy

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Giorgio Bedogni Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences, Alma Mater Studiorum University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy
Internal Medicine, S. Maria delle Croci Hospital, AUSL Romagna, Ravenna, Italy

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Simona Bertoli International Center for the Assessment of Nutritional Status, DeFENS, University of Milan, Milan, Italy
Istituto Auxologico Italiano, IRCCS, Obesity Unit - Laboratory of Nutrition and Obesity Research, Department of Endocrine and Metabolic Diseases, Milan, Italy

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Giulia De Carlo International Center for the Assessment of Nutritional Status, DeFENS, University of Milan, Milan, Italy

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Erica Nazzari Cystic Fibrosis Center, Fondazione Istituto di Ricovero e Cura a Carattere Scientifico Ca’ Granda, Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, University of Milan, Milan, Italy

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Carla Colombo Cystic Fibrosis Center, Fondazione Istituto di Ricovero e Cura a Carattere Scientifico Ca’ Granda, Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, University of Milan, Milan, Italy

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Introduction Insulin secretory defects in cystic fibrosis (CF) were initially shown in small-sized studies that employed various sophisticated techniques such as the hyperglycemic clamp ( 1 , 2 , 3 ) and intravenous glucose tolerance test

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Jakob Høgild Langdahl Department of Clinical Genetics, Odense University Hospital, Odense, Denmark
Institute of Clinical Research, University of Southern Denmark, Odense, Denmark
Department of Endocrinology, Hospital of Southwest Jutland, Esbjerg, Denmark

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Anja Lisbeth Frederiksen Department of Clinical Genetics, Odense University Hospital, Odense, Denmark
Institute of Clinical Research, University of Southern Denmark, Odense, Denmark

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John Vissing Copenhagen Neuromuscular Center, Department of Neurology, Rigshospitalet, Copenhagen, Denmark

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Morten Frost Institute of Clinical Research, University of Southern Denmark, Odense, Denmark
Steno Diabetes Center Odense, Odense University Hospital, Odense, Denmark

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Knud Bonnet Yderstræde Institute of Clinical Research, University of Southern Denmark, Odense, Denmark
Steno Diabetes Center Odense, Odense University Hospital, Odense, Denmark

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Per Heden Andersen Department of Endocrinology, Hospital of Southwest Jutland, Esbjerg, Denmark

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Southern Denmark approved both investigations (ID S-20100112). Oral glucose tolerance test All individuals underwent an extended 75-g frequently sampled OGTT according to the BIGTT protocol, where the estimated insulin sensitivity and insulin

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Tao Yuan Department of Endocrinology & Key Laboratory of Endocrinology, The National Health and Family Planning Commission, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing, China

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Lanping Jiang Department of Nephrology, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing, China

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Chen Chen Department of Pediatrics, State Key Laboratory of Medical Genetics, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China

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Xiaoyan Peng Department of Nephrology, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing, China

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Min Nie Department of Endocrinology & Key Laboratory of Endocrinology, The National Health and Family Planning Commission, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing, China

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Xuemei Li Department of Nephrology, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing, China

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Xiaoping Xing Department of Endocrinology & Key Laboratory of Endocrinology, The National Health and Family Planning Commission, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing, China

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Xuewang Li Department of Nephrology, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing, China

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Limeng Chen Department of Nephrology, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing, China

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from oral glucose tolerance testing: comparison with the euglycemic insulin clamp . Diabetes Care 1999 22 1462 – 1470 . ( doi:10.2337/diacare.22.9.1462 ) 10 Katz A Nambi SS Mather K Baron AD Follmann DA Sullivan G Quon

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Gaëtan Prévost Normandie Univ, UNIROUEN, INSERM U1239, Laboratory of Neuronal and Neuroendocrine Differentiation and Communication (DC2N), Rouen, France
Department of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolic Diseases, Normandie Univ, UNIROUEN, Rouen University Hospital, Rouen, France
Centre d’Investigation Clinique (CIC-CRB)-INSERM 1404, Rouen University Hospital, Rouen, France

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Marie Picot Normandie Univ, UNIROUEN, INSERM U1239, Laboratory of Neuronal and Neuroendocrine Differentiation and Communication (DC2N), Rouen, France

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Marie-Anne Le Solliec Normandie Univ, UNIROUEN, INSERM U1239, Laboratory of Neuronal and Neuroendocrine Differentiation and Communication (DC2N), Rouen, France

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Arnaud Arabo Normandie Univ, UNIROUEN, INSERM U1239, Laboratory of Neuronal and Neuroendocrine Differentiation and Communication (DC2N), Rouen, France

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Hind Berrahmoune Normandie Univ, UNIROUEN, INSERM U1239, Laboratory of Neuronal and Neuroendocrine Differentiation and Communication (DC2N), Rouen, France
Department of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolic Diseases, Normandie Univ, UNIROUEN, Rouen University Hospital, Rouen, France
Centre d’Investigation Clinique (CIC-CRB)-INSERM 1404, Rouen University Hospital, Rouen, France

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Mouna El Mehdi Normandie Univ, UNIROUEN, INSERM U1239, Laboratory of Neuronal and Neuroendocrine Differentiation and Communication (DC2N), Rouen, France

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Saloua Cherifi Normandie Univ, UNIROUEN, INSERM U1239, Laboratory of Neuronal and Neuroendocrine Differentiation and Communication (DC2N), Rouen, France

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Alexandre Benani Center for Taste and Feeding Behaviour, CNRS (UMR6265), INRA (UMR1324), Université de Bourgogne-Franche Comté, Dijon , France

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Emmanuelle Nédélec Center for Taste and Feeding Behaviour, CNRS (UMR6265), INRA (UMR1324), Université de Bourgogne-Franche Comté, Dijon , France

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Françoise Gobet Department of Anatomopathophysiology, Normandie Univ, UNIROUEN, Rouen University Hospital, Rouen, France

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Valéry Brunel Department of Biochemistry, Normandie Univ, UNIROUEN, Rouen University Hospital, Rouen, France

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Jérôme Leprince Normandie Univ, UNIROUEN, INSERM U1239, Laboratory of Neuronal and Neuroendocrine Differentiation and Communication (DC2N), Rouen, France

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Hervé Lefebvre Normandie Univ, UNIROUEN, INSERM U1239, Laboratory of Neuronal and Neuroendocrine Differentiation and Communication (DC2N), Rouen, France
Department of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolic Diseases, Normandie Univ, UNIROUEN, Rouen University Hospital, Rouen, France
Centre d’Investigation Clinique (CIC-CRB)-INSERM 1404, Rouen University Hospital, Rouen, France

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Youssef Anouar Normandie Univ, UNIROUEN, INSERM U1239, Laboratory of Neuronal and Neuroendocrine Differentiation and Communication (DC2N), Rouen, France

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Nicolas Chartrel Normandie Univ, UNIROUEN, INSERM U1239, Laboratory of Neuronal and Neuroendocrine Differentiation and Communication (DC2N), Rouen, France

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glucose tolerance test: Homeostasis Model Assessment of Insulin Resistance, HOMA-R index, (fasting glucose (mmol/L) × fasting insulin (μU/mL))/22.5 ( 28 ). Homeostasis Model Assessment of insulin secretion, Homa-β: (20 × fasting insulin (μU

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Melony C Fortuin-de Smidt Division of Exercise Science and Sports Medicine, Department of Human Biology, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa
Non-Communicable Diseases Research Unit, South African Medical Council, Tygerberg, South Africa

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Amy E Mendham Division of Exercise Science and Sports Medicine, Department of Human Biology, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa
Non-Communicable Diseases Research Unit, South African Medical Council, Tygerberg, South Africa

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Jon Hauksson Department of Radiation Sciences, Radiation Physics and Biomedical Engineering, Umea University, Umea, Sweden

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Ali Alhamud Department of Human Biology, MRC/UCT Medical Imaging Research Unit, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa
The Modern Pioneer Center and ArSMRM for MRI Training and Development, Tripoli, Libya

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Darko Stefanovski Department of Clinical Studies, New Bolton Centre, University of Pennsylvania School of Veterinary Medicine, Kennett Square, Pennsylvania, USA

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Olah Hakim Department of Diabetes, Faculty of Life Sciences and Medicine, School of Life Course Sciences, King’s College London, London, UK

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Jeroen Swart Division of Exercise Science and Sports Medicine, Department of Human Biology, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa

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Louise M Goff Department of Diabetes, Faculty of Life Sciences and Medicine, School of Life Course Sciences, King’s College London, London, UK

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Steven E Kahn Division of Metabolism, Endocrinology and Nutrition, Department of Medicine, Veterans Affairs Puget Sound Health Care System, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, USA

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Tommy Olsson Department of Public Health and Clinical Medicine, Umea University, Umea, Sweden

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Julia H Goedecke Division of Exercise Science and Sports Medicine, Department of Human Biology, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa
Non-Communicable Diseases Research Unit, South African Medical Council, Tygerberg, South Africa

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.ijo.0803696 ) 25 Boston RC Stefanovski D Moate PJ Sumner AE Watanabe RM Bergman RN MINMOD millennium: a computer program to calculate glucose effectiveness and insulin sensitivity from the frequently sampled intravenous glucose tolerance test

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Shane M Regnier Committee on Molecular Metabolism and Nutrition, Chicago, Illinois, USA
Pritzker School of Medicine, Chicago, Illinois, USA
University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois, USA

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Andrew G Kirkley University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois, USA
Committee on Molecular Pathogenesis and Molecular Medicine, Chicago, Illinois, USA

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Daniel Ruiz Committee on Molecular Metabolism and Nutrition, Chicago, Illinois, USA
University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois, USA

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Wakanene Kamau University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois, USA

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Qian Wu Wadsworth Center, New York Department of Health, Albany, New York, USA

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Kurunthachalam Kannan Wadsworth Center, New York Department of Health, Albany, New York, USA

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Robert M Sargis Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes, and Metabolism, Department of Medicine, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, Illinois, USA

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.2 *Sucrose 340.0 g/kg; anhydrous milk fat 210 g/kg; **sucrose 703.0 g/kg; anhydrous milk fat 20.0 g/kg. Intraperitoneal glucose tolerance test (IP-GTT) and serum insulin levels After nine weeks of exposure, mice were fasted for 6 h beginning

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Michelle J Galvan Metabolic, Nutrition, and Exercise Research (MiNER) Laboratory, Department of Kinesiology, University of Texas at El Paso, El Paso, Texas, USA

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Michael J Sanchez Metabolic, Nutrition, and Exercise Research (MiNER) Laboratory, Department of Kinesiology, University of Texas at El Paso, El Paso, Texas, USA

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Andrew J McAinch Institute for Health and Sport (IHES), Victoria University, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
Australian Institute for Musculoskeletal Science (AIMSS), Victoria University, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia

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Jeffrey D Covington Department of Pathology, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, Massachusetts, USA

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Jason B Boyle Metabolic, Nutrition, and Exercise Research (MiNER) Laboratory, Department of Kinesiology, University of Texas at El Paso, El Paso, Texas, USA

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Sudip Bajpeyi Metabolic, Nutrition, and Exercise Research (MiNER) Laboratory, Department of Kinesiology, University of Texas at El Paso, El Paso, Texas, USA

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encouraged to follow the USDA Dietary Guidelines for Americans ( 35 ) and consume an energy-balanced diet. Glucose tolerance Participants were instructed to avoid drinking alcohol, smoking, and strenuous exercise 24–48 h prior to test days. Following

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Kim K B Clemmensen Department of Clinical Epidemiology, Steno Diabetes Center Copenhagen, Gentofte, Denmark

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Jonas S Quist Department of Clinical Epidemiology, Steno Diabetes Center Copenhagen, Gentofte, Denmark

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Dorte Vistisen Department of Clinical Epidemiology, Steno Diabetes Center Copenhagen, Gentofte, Denmark

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Daniel R Witte Department of Public Health, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark
Danish Diabetes Academy, Odense, Denmark

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Anna Jonsson NNF Center for Basic Metabolic Research, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark

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Oluf Pedersen NNF Center for Basic Metabolic Research, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark

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Torben Hansen NNF Center for Basic Metabolic Research, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark

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Jens J Holst NNF Center for Basic Metabolic Research, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark

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Torsten Lauritzen Section for General Practice, Department of Public Health, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark

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Marit E Jørgensen Department of Clinical Epidemiology, Steno Diabetes Center Copenhagen, Gentofte, Denmark
National Institute of Public Health, University of Southern Denmark, Copenhagen, Denmark

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Signe Torekov NNF Center for Basic Metabolic Research, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark

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Kristine Færch Department of Clinical Epidemiology, Steno Diabetes Center Copenhagen, Gentofte, Denmark

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Introduction Glucose metabolism exhibits circadian rhythmicity ( 1 , 2 ). Longer fasting duration before an oral glucose tolerance test (OGTT) has been associated with lower fasting glucose but higher post-load glucose levels ( 3

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L Bahler Internal Medicine, Academic Medical Center, Amsterdam, The Netherlands

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H J Verberne Nuclear Medicine, Academic Medical Center, Amsterdam, The Netherlands

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E Brakema Internal Medicine, Academic Medical Center, Amsterdam, The Netherlands

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R Tepaske Intensive Care Medicine, Academic Medical Center, Amsterdam, The Netherlands

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J Booij Nuclear Medicine, Academic Medical Center, Amsterdam, The Netherlands

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J B Hoekstra Internal Medicine, Academic Medical Center, Amsterdam, The Netherlands

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F Holleman Internal Medicine, Academic Medical Center, Amsterdam, The Netherlands

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controlled by pill count. Oral glucose tolerance test and laboratory measurements Fasting plasma glucose and insulin values were measured within 2 min before t 0 . At t 0 , subjects ingested a standardized solution of 75 g glucose dissolved in 300

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Dorte Glintborg Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Odense University Hospital, Odense, Denmark

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Magda Lambaa Altinok Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Odense University Hospital, Odense, Denmark

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Pernille Ravn Department of Gynecology and Obstetrics, Odense University Hospital, Odense, Denmark

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Kurt Bjerregaard Stage Department of Psychiatry, Odense University Hospital, Odense, Denmark

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Kurt Højlund Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Odense University Hospital, Odense, Denmark

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Marianne Andersen Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Odense University Hospital, Odense, Denmark

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tolerance testing: comparison with the euglycemic insulin clamp . Diabetes Care 1999 9 1462 – 1470 . ( https://doi.org/10.2337/diacare.22.9.1462 ) 28 Phillips DI Clark PM Hales CN Osmond C. Understanding

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