cascade had dramatic effects on insulin signalling and glucose tolerance (64) . Isolated muscles exhibited complete resistance to insulin and diminished insulin-stimulated glucose uptake. In addition, the lack of insulin signalling in double-KO muscle
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N K Stepto, D Hiam, M Gibson-Helm, S Cassar, C L Harrison, S K Hutchison, A E Joham, B J Canny, A Moreno-Asso, B J Strauss, N Hatzirodos, R J Rodgers, and H J Teede
anovulatory infertility) ( 5 , 6 ) and psychological (anxiety and depression) ( 7 ) impacts, representing a substantial health burden. Despite its high prevalence, the aetiology and ideal therapies for PCOS remain unclear ( 8 ). Insulin resistance is a
Krzysztof C Lewandowski, Justyna Płusajska, Wojciech Horzelski, Ewa Bieniek, and Andrzej Lewiński
out. Though it is widely accepted that PCOS is characterised by insulin resistance ( 4 ), there is no consensus, either regarding the best method of assessment of insulin resistance (IR) in PCOS, nor in terms of the utility of such assessment for
Shenglong Le, Leiting Xu, Moritz Schumann, Na Wu, Timo Törmäkangas, Markku Alén, Sulin Cheng, and Petri Wiklund
substantially during puberty ( 6 , 7 ). Along these lines, low serum SHBG level has been associated with increased adiposity and insulin resistance in children and adolescents ( 3 , 8 , 9 , 10 , 11 , 12 ); therefore, it has been hypothesized that SHBG
Sandra Pereira, Jessy Moore, Jia-Xu Li, Wen Qin Yu, Husam Ghanim, Filip Vlavcheski, Yemisi Deborah Joseph, Paresh Dandona, Allen Volchuk, Carolyn L Cummins, Evangelia Tsiani, and Adria Giacca
Introduction Obesity is characterized by elevated circulating free fatty acids (FFAs) that cause insulin resistance in the liver and periphery ( 1 , 2 ). FFAs induce endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress, which occurs when misfolded or unfolded
Kristin Ottarsdottir, Margareta Hellgren, David Bock, Anna G Nilsson, and Bledar Daka
different cohorts including men and women, respectively, suggesting a causal effect. The mechanism behind the association between SHGB and type 2 diabetes is not fully understood, but may be mediated through insulin resistance ( 5 ). In a meta
Kristin Ottarsdottir, Anna G Nilsson, Margareta Hellgren, Ulf Lindblad, and Bledar Daka
( 10 ). On the other hand, low testosterone levels increase the accumulation of visceral body fat, which increases insulin resistance. This is illustrated by the fact that body fat increases in men with prostate cancer undergoing treatment resulting in
Esben Thyssen Vestergaard, Morten B Krag, Morten M Poulsen, Steen B Pedersen, Niels Moller, Jens Otto Lunde Jorgensen, and Niels Jessen
GHS-R is also located in peripheral tissues indicates that ghrelin also exerts direct peripheral effects (5, 6) . It has recently been reported that exogenous ghrelin causes insulin resistance (7, 8, 9, 10, 11) and induces lipolysis (7, 9, 10, 11
Jan W Eriksson, Reem A Emad, Martin H Lundqvist, Niclas Abrahamsson, and Maria C Kjellsson
Introduction Development of type 2 diabetes has been perceived as a process that involves progressive insulin resistance in muscles, adipose tissue, and liver and a gradual failure of pancreatic beta cells to secrete sufficient amounts of
Myrian Velasco, Rosa Isela Ortiz-Huidobro, Carlos Larqué, Yuriko Itzel Sánchez-Zamora, José Romo-Yáñez, and Marcia Hiriart
central obesity (based on the waist circumference), dyslipidemia (decreased levels of high-density lipoprotein cholesterol, or hypertriglyceridemia), hypertension, impaired fasting glucose, and insulin resistance ( 5 ). MS diagnosis involves the presence