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Doron Weinstein
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Rive Sarfstein
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Zvi Laron Department of Human Molecular Genetics and Biochemistry, Endocrinology and Diabetes Research Unit, Sackler School of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv 69978, Israel

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Haim Werner
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importance of insulin has been well established (6, 7) . In addition to its key role in the maintenance of glucose homeostasis (8) , insulin and its receptor (INSR) are involved in the development of a number of metabolic conditions, including obesity and

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L Ahlkvist
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K Brown Department of Clinical Sciences, GlaxoSmithKline, Biomedical Center, C11, Lund University, SE 22184 Lund, Sweden

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B Ahrén
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-resistant mice is associated with increased islet GLP1 receptor (GLP1R) protein levels. We then examined the potential to improve islet function and glucose tolerance in glucose-intolerant insulin-resistant mice through GPR119 activation by administering a

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Yusaku Mori Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
Department of Diabetes, Metabolism, and Endocrinology, Showa University School of Medicine, Shinagawa, Tokyo, Japan

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Eunhyoung Ko Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada

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Rudolf Furrer Department of Nutritional Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada

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Linda C Qu Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada

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Stuart C Wiber Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada

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I George Fantus Departments of Medicine and Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
Toronto General Research Institute, University Health Network, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Leadership Centre for Diabetes, Mount Sinai Hospital, Toronto, Ontario, Canada

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Mario Thevis Center for Preventive Doping Research and Institute of Biochemistry, German Sport University Cologne, Cologne, Germany

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Alan Medline Department of Laboratory Medicine & Pathobiology, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
Department of Pathology, Humber River Regional Hospital, Toronto, Ontario, Canada

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Adria Giacca Departments of Physiology and Medicine, Institute of Medical Science, Banting and Best Diabetes Centre, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada

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that new concentrated glargine and biosimilar glargine would contribute to increasing the number of patients treated with glargine, the potential cancer-promoting effect of glargine requires more detailed investigation. Insulin receptor (IR) and

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Wenjun Long Department of Pediatrics, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei, China

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Tuo Zhou Department of Pediatrics, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei, China

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Xiuping Xuan Department of Endocrinology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, Guangxi, China

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Qiuli Cao Department of Endocrinology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, Guangxi, China

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Zuojie Luo Department of Endocrinology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, Guangxi, China

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Yingfen Qin Department of Endocrinology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, Guangxi, China

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Qin Ning Department of Infectious Diseases, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei, China

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Xiaoping Luo Department of Pediatrics, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei, China

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Xuemei Xie Department of Endocrinology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, Guangxi, China

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, 15 , 16 ). However, the underlying molecular pathogenesis of insulin resistance in adult CG-IUGR is still unclear. The activation of canonical Wnt pathway begins with the binding to the frizzled receptors and its coreceptor LDL receptor

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Marie Reeberg Sass Department of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Basic Metabolic Research, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark

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Nicolai Jacob Wewer Albrechtsen Department of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Basic Metabolic Research, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
Department of Clinical Biochemistry, Rigshospitalet, Copenhagen, Denmark

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Jens Pedersen Department of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Basic Metabolic Research, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
Department of Endocrinology and Nephrology, Nordsjællands University Hospital, Hillerød, Denmark

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Kristine Juul Hare Department of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark

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Nis Borbye-Lorenzen Department of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
Center for Neonatal Screening, Department of Congenital Disorders, Statens Serum Institute, Copenhagen, Denmark

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Katalin Kiss Department of Pathology, Rigshospitalet, Copenhagen, Denmark

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Tina Vilsbøll Steno Diabetes Center Copenhagen, Gentofte, Denmark
Department of Clinical Medicine, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
Center for Clinical Metabolic Research, Gentofte Hospital, University of Copenhagen, Hellerup, Denmark

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Filip Krag Knop Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Basic Metabolic Research, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
Steno Diabetes Center Copenhagen, Gentofte, Denmark
Department of Clinical Medicine, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
Center for Clinical Metabolic Research, Gentofte Hospital, University of Copenhagen, Hellerup, Denmark

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Steen Seier Poulsen Department of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark

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Niklas Rye Jørgensen Department of Clinical Biochemistry, Rigshospitalet, Copenhagen, Denmark
Department of Clinical Medicine, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark

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Jens Juul Holst Department of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Basic Metabolic Research, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark

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Cathrine Ørskov Department of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark

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Bolette Hartmann Department of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Basic Metabolic Research, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark

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resorption ( 6 ). Finally, we studied the expression of insulin receptors ( INSR ), insulin-like growth factor 1 receptors ( IGF1R ), and insulin-like growth factor 2 receptors ( IGF2R ) in the parathyroid gland on formalin fixed, paraffin embedded (FFPE

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Róża Aleksandrowicz Department of Prophylaxis of Metabolic Diseases, Bialystok, Institute of Animal Reproduction and Food Research, Polish Academy of Sciences, Olsztyn, Poland

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Marek Strączkowski Department of Prophylaxis of Metabolic Diseases, Bialystok, Institute of Animal Reproduction and Food Research, Polish Academy of Sciences, Olsztyn, Poland

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also of great importance ( 2 ). Insulin interacts with receptors in the cell membrane. It thus stimulates signal transduction pathway. Insulin signaling molecules include insulin receptor substrate 1 (IRS1), phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase (PI3K), and

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Huiyuan Zhai Department of Pharmacy, Nanjing Integrated Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine Hospital, Affiliated with Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, China

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Dongxu Wang Department of Geriatrics, Nanjing Integrated Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine Hospital, Affiliated with Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, China

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Yong Wang Department of Pharmacy, Nanjing Integrated Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine Hospital, Affiliated with Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, China

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Hongwei Gu Central Laboratory, Nanjing Integrated Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine Hospital, Affiliated with Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, China

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Juan Jv Department of Cardiology, Nanjing Integrated Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine Hospital, Affiliated with Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, China

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Liangliang Yuan Department of Pharmacy, Nanjing Integrated Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine Hospital, Affiliated with Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, China

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Chao Wang Department of Pharmacy, Nanjing Integrated Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine Hospital, Affiliated with Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, China

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Leiyao Chen Department of Pharmacy, Nanjing Integrated Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine Hospital, Affiliated with Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, China

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to form a characteristic feature known as a crown-like structure (CLS) ( 8 ). M1 macrophages in adipose tissue are considered instigators of insulin resistance due to the secretion of multiple pro-inflammatory cytokines, including TNFα ( 9 ). Chronic

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Peter Wolf Université Paris-Saclay, Inserm, Physiologie et Physiopathologie Endocriniennes, Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris, Hôpital Bicêtre, Service d’Endocrinologie et des Maladies de la Reproduction, Centre de Référence des Maladies Rares de l’Hypophyse, Le Kremlin-Bicêtre, France
Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Department of Internal Medicine III, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria

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Alexandre Dormoy Université Paris-Saclay, Inserm, Physiologie et Physiopathologie Endocriniennes, Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris, Hôpital Bicêtre, Service d’Endocrinologie et des Maladies de la Reproduction, Centre de Référence des Maladies Rares de l’Hypophyse, Le Kremlin-Bicêtre, France

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Luigi Maione Université Paris-Saclay, Inserm, Physiologie et Physiopathologie Endocriniennes, Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris, Hôpital Bicêtre, Service d’Endocrinologie et des Maladies de la Reproduction, Centre de Référence des Maladies Rares de l’Hypophyse, Le Kremlin-Bicêtre, France

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Sylvie Salenave Université Paris-Saclay, Inserm, Physiologie et Physiopathologie Endocriniennes, Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris, Hôpital Bicêtre, Service d’Endocrinologie et des Maladies de la Reproduction, Centre de Référence des Maladies Rares de l’Hypophyse, Le Kremlin-Bicêtre, France

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Jacques Young Université Paris-Saclay, Inserm, Physiologie et Physiopathologie Endocriniennes, Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris, Hôpital Bicêtre, Service d’Endocrinologie et des Maladies de la Reproduction, Centre de Référence des Maladies Rares de l’Hypophyse, Le Kremlin-Bicêtre, France

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Peter Kamenický Université Paris-Saclay, Inserm, Physiologie et Physiopathologie Endocriniennes, Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris, Hôpital Bicêtre, Service d’Endocrinologie et des Maladies de la Reproduction, Centre de Référence des Maladies Rares de l’Hypophyse, Le Kremlin-Bicêtre, France

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Philippe Chanson Université Paris-Saclay, Inserm, Physiologie et Physiopathologie Endocriniennes, Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris, Hôpital Bicêtre, Service d’Endocrinologie et des Maladies de la Reproduction, Centre de Référence des Maladies Rares de l’Hypophyse, Le Kremlin-Bicêtre, France

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pegvisomant both improve insulin sensitivity ( 6 ), glucose metabolism may improve or worsen when patients are treated with first-generation somatostatin receptor ligands (SRLs), octreotide and lanreotide ( 7 , 8 , 9 , 10 ). Pasireotide is a somatostatin

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Gaëtan Prévost Normandie Univ, UNIROUEN, INSERM U1239, Laboratory of Neuronal and Neuroendocrine Differentiation and Communication (DC2N), Rouen, France
Department of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolic Diseases, Normandie Univ, UNIROUEN, Rouen University Hospital, Rouen, France
Centre d’Investigation Clinique (CIC-CRB)-INSERM 1404, Rouen University Hospital, Rouen, France

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Marie Picot Normandie Univ, UNIROUEN, INSERM U1239, Laboratory of Neuronal and Neuroendocrine Differentiation and Communication (DC2N), Rouen, France

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Marie-Anne Le Solliec Normandie Univ, UNIROUEN, INSERM U1239, Laboratory of Neuronal and Neuroendocrine Differentiation and Communication (DC2N), Rouen, France

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Arnaud Arabo Normandie Univ, UNIROUEN, INSERM U1239, Laboratory of Neuronal and Neuroendocrine Differentiation and Communication (DC2N), Rouen, France

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Hind Berrahmoune Normandie Univ, UNIROUEN, INSERM U1239, Laboratory of Neuronal and Neuroendocrine Differentiation and Communication (DC2N), Rouen, France
Department of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolic Diseases, Normandie Univ, UNIROUEN, Rouen University Hospital, Rouen, France
Centre d’Investigation Clinique (CIC-CRB)-INSERM 1404, Rouen University Hospital, Rouen, France

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Mouna El Mehdi Normandie Univ, UNIROUEN, INSERM U1239, Laboratory of Neuronal and Neuroendocrine Differentiation and Communication (DC2N), Rouen, France

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Saloua Cherifi Normandie Univ, UNIROUEN, INSERM U1239, Laboratory of Neuronal and Neuroendocrine Differentiation and Communication (DC2N), Rouen, France

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Alexandre Benani Center for Taste and Feeding Behaviour, CNRS (UMR6265), INRA (UMR1324), Université de Bourgogne-Franche Comté, Dijon , France

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Emmanuelle Nédélec Center for Taste and Feeding Behaviour, CNRS (UMR6265), INRA (UMR1324), Université de Bourgogne-Franche Comté, Dijon , France

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Françoise Gobet Department of Anatomopathophysiology, Normandie Univ, UNIROUEN, Rouen University Hospital, Rouen, France

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Valéry Brunel Department of Biochemistry, Normandie Univ, UNIROUEN, Rouen University Hospital, Rouen, France

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Jérôme Leprince Normandie Univ, UNIROUEN, INSERM U1239, Laboratory of Neuronal and Neuroendocrine Differentiation and Communication (DC2N), Rouen, France

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Hervé Lefebvre Normandie Univ, UNIROUEN, INSERM U1239, Laboratory of Neuronal and Neuroendocrine Differentiation and Communication (DC2N), Rouen, France
Department of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolic Diseases, Normandie Univ, UNIROUEN, Rouen University Hospital, Rouen, France
Centre d’Investigation Clinique (CIC-CRB)-INSERM 1404, Rouen University Hospital, Rouen, France

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Youssef Anouar Normandie Univ, UNIROUEN, INSERM U1239, Laboratory of Neuronal and Neuroendocrine Differentiation and Communication (DC2N), Rouen, France

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Nicolas Chartrel Normandie Univ, UNIROUEN, INSERM U1239, Laboratory of Neuronal and Neuroendocrine Differentiation and Communication (DC2N), Rouen, France

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related to that of insulin ( Fig. 7A and B ). Consecutive pancreas sections were also treated with either the GPR103 antibodies or glucagon antibodies and the observations revealed that some glucagon-positive cells also expressed the 26RFa receptor ( Fig

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Svjatoslavs Kistkins Pauls Stradiņš Clinical University Hospital, Riga, Latvia

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Othmar Moser Division of Exercise Physiology and Metabolism, Institute of Sport Science, University of Bayreuth, Bayreuth, Germany

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Vitālijs Ankudovičs Pauls Stradiņš Clinical University Hospital, Riga, Latvia

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Dmitrijs Blizņuks Institute of Smart Computing Technologies, Riga Technical University, Riga, Latvia

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Timurs Mihailovs Institute of Smart Computing Technologies, Riga Technical University, Riga, Latvia

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Sergejs Lobanovs Pauls Stradiņš Clinical University Hospital, Riga, Latvia

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Harald Sourij Trials Unit for Interdisciplinary Metabolic Medicine, Division of Endocrinology and Diabetolgoy, Medical University of Graz, Graz, Austria

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Andreas F H Pfeiffer Department of Endocrinology and Metabolic Medicine, Campus Benjamin Franklin, Charité University Medicine, Hindenburgdamm, Berlin, Germany

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Valdis Pīrāgs Pauls Stradiņš Clinical University Hospital, Riga, Latvia
Faculty of Medicine, University of Latvia, Riga, Latvia

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insulin sensitivity and beta-cell function and subsequently glycaemic control. GLP-1 receptor agonists and dual hormone therapies have exhibited promising outcomes in those with T2D and obesity. Tirzepatide, a dual GLP-1 and GIP receptor agonist, has

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