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David Mark Robertson Department of Molecular and Translational Sciences, Hudson Institute of Medical Research, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria, Australia
School of Women’s & Children’s Health, Discipline of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, University of New South Wales, Sydney, Australia

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Chel Hee Lee Clinical Research Support Unit, College of Medicine, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, Saskatchewan, Canada

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Angela Baerwald Department of Obstetrics, Gynecology & Reproductive Sciences, College of Medicine, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, Saskatchewan, Canada

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). The key ovarian factors believed responsible are the steroids, oestradiol and progesterone, and the protein hormones, inhibin A and B. However, their respective roles are not clearly understood. In a previous study (( 2 ), and ( 3 ) designated in

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Agnieszka Adamska Department of Endocrinology, Diabetology and Internal Medicine, Medical University of Białystok, Białystok, Poland

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Paulina Tomczuk-Bobik Department of Endocrinology, Diabetology and Internal Medicine, Medical University of Białystok, Białystok, Poland

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Anna Beata Popławska-Kita Department of Endocrinology, Diabetology and Internal Medicine, Medical University of Białystok, Białystok, Poland

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Katarzyna Siewko Department of Endocrinology, Diabetology and Internal Medicine, Medical University of Białystok, Białystok, Poland

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Angelika Buczyńska Clinical Research Centre, Medical University of Bialystok, Białystok, Poland

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Piotr Szumowski Department of Nuclear Medicine, Medical University of Białystok, Białystok, Poland

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Łukasz Żukowski Department of Nuclear Medicine, Medical University of Białystok, Białystok, Poland

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Janusz Myśliwiec Department of Nuclear Medicine, Medical University of Białystok, Białystok, Poland

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Monika Zbucka-Krętowska Department of Gynecological Endocrinology and Adolescent Gynecology, Medical University of Bialystok, Białystok, Poland

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Marcin Adamski Faculty of Computer Science, Bialystok University of Technology, Białystok, Poland

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Adam Jacek Krętowski Department of Endocrinology, Diabetology and Internal Medicine, Medical University of Białystok, Białystok, Poland
Clinical Research Centre, Medical University of Bialystok, Białystok, Poland

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hormonal markers, dynamic tests, and ultrasonographic (USG) parameters, for example, antral follicle count (AFC). Markers such as the serum levels of anti-Müllerian hormone (AMH), follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH), or inhibin B are relatively good

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Eleftherios E Deiktakis Laboratory of Clinical Chemistry, School of Medicine, University of Crete, Heraklion, Greece

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Eleftheria Ieronymaki Laboratory of Clinical Chemistry, School of Medicine, University of Crete, Heraklion, Greece

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Peter Zarén Department of Translational Medicine, Lund University, Malmö, Sweden

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Agnes Hagsund Department of Translational Medicine, Lund University, Malmö, Sweden

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Elin Wirestrand Department of Translational Medicine, Lund University, Malmö, Sweden

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Johan Malm Department of Translational Medicine, Lund University, Malmö, Sweden

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Christos Tsatsanis Laboratory of Clinical Chemistry, School of Medicine, University of Crete, Heraklion, Greece

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Ilpo T Huhtaniemi Department of Translational Medicine, Lund University, Malmö, Sweden
Imperial College London, Institute of Reproductive and Developmental Biology, London, UK

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Aleksander Giwercman Department of Translational Medicine, Lund University, Malmö, Sweden
Malmö University Hospital, Reproductive Medicine Center, Malmö, Sweden

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Yvonne Lundberg Giwercman Department of Translational Medicine, Lund University, Malmö, Sweden

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). Clinical chemistry measurements Biomarkers measured in human plasma/serum at the department of Clinical Chemistry, Scania University Hospital, Malmö, Sweden, included PSA, testosterone, LH, FSH, and inhibin B. The analyses were done on a Cobas 6000

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Sidsel Mathiesen Department of Pediatrics and Adolescent Medicine, Rigshospitalet, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark

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Kaspar Sørensen Department of Pediatrics and Adolescent Medicine, Rigshospitalet, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark

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Marianne Ifversen Department of Pediatrics and Adolescent Medicine, Rigshospitalet, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark

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Casper P Hagen Department of Growth and Reproduction, Rigshospitalet, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark

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Jørgen Holm Petersen Department of Growth and Reproduction, Rigshospitalet, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
Section of Biostatistics, Department of Public Health, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark

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Anders Juul Department of Growth and Reproduction, Rigshospitalet, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark

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Klaus Müller Department of Pediatrics and Adolescent Medicine, Rigshospitalet, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark

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risk of azoospermia). Reproductive hormones and semen samples From a clinical database, we obtained registered daytime circulating levels of follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH), LH, total testosterone, and inhibin B as well as registered semen

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Tristan Avril Pediatric Endocrinology Department, CHU Bicetre, Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris, Reference Center for Rare Disease CRMR DevGen, Le Kremlin Bicêtre, Paris, France

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Quentin Hennocq Datascience platform, Imagine Institute, Université Paris Cité, Paris, France

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Anne-Sophie Lambert Pediatric Endocrinology Department, CHU Bicetre, Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris, Reference Center for Rare Disease CRMR DevGen, Le Kremlin Bicêtre, Paris, France

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Juliane Leger Pediatric Endocrinology Department, CHU Robert Debré, Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris, Reference Center for Rare Disease CRMR de la Croissance et du Développement, Paris, France
Université Paris Cité, Faculté de Santé, UFR de Médecine, Paris, France

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Dominique Simon Pediatric Endocrinology Department, CHU Robert Debré, Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris, Reference Center for Rare Disease CRMR de la Croissance et du Développement, Paris, France

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Laetitia Martinerie Pediatric Endocrinology Department, CHU Robert Debré, Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris, Reference Center for Rare Disease CRMR de la Croissance et du Développement, Paris, France
Université Paris Cité, Faculté de Santé, UFR de Médecine, Paris, France
Inserm UMR1185, Le Kremlin Bicetre, Paris, France

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Claire Bouvattier Pediatric Endocrinology Department, CHU Bicetre, Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris, Reference Center for Rare Disease CRMR DevGen, Le Kremlin Bicêtre, Paris, France
Inserm UMR1185, Le Kremlin Bicetre, Paris, France
Paris-Saclay University, Paris, France

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cells, and perhaps, by extension, for future fertility ( 3 , 4 , 5 , 6 ). Anti-Müllerian hormone (AMH) and Inhibin B are reliable biomarkers reflecting Sertoli cells function, while testosterone is an index of Leydig cell activation. Boys with CHH

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Claire L Wood Department of Paediatric Endocrinology, Royal Victoria Infirmary, Newcastle upon Tyne, UK
Translational and Clinical Research Institute, Faculty of Medical Sciences, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, UK

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Kieren G Hollingsworth Translational and Clinical Research Institute, Faculty of Medical Sciences, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, UK

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Edrina Bokaie Translational and Clinical Research Institute, Faculty of Medical Sciences, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, UK

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Eric Hughes Translational and Clinical Research Institute, Faculty of Medical Sciences, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, UK

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Robert Muni-Lofra Translational and Clinical Research Institute, Faculty of Medical Sciences, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, UK
John Walton Muscular Dystrophy Research Centre, Newcastle University and Newcastle Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Newcastle upon Tyne, UK

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Anna Mayhew Translational and Clinical Research Institute, Faculty of Medical Sciences, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, UK
John Walton Muscular Dystrophy Research Centre, Newcastle University and Newcastle Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Newcastle upon Tyne, UK

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Rod T Mitchell MRC Centre for Reproductive Health, The University of Edinburgh, Queens Medical Research Institute, Edinburgh, UK

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Michela Guglieri Translational and Clinical Research Institute, Faculty of Medical Sciences, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, UK
John Walton Muscular Dystrophy Research Centre, Newcastle University and Newcastle Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Newcastle upon Tyne, UK

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Joseph McElvaney Department of Paediatric Endocrinology, Royal Victoria Infirmary, Newcastle upon Tyne, UK

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Timothy D Cheetham Department of Paediatric Endocrinology, Royal Victoria Infirmary, Newcastle upon Tyne, UK
Translational and Clinical Research Institute, Faculty of Medical Sciences, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, UK

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Volker Straub Translational and Clinical Research Institute, Faculty of Medical Sciences, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, UK
John Walton Muscular Dystrophy Research Centre, Newcastle University and Newcastle Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Newcastle upon Tyne, UK

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therefore clinical and biochemical markers of HPG activity including inhibin B concentrations. The initial intention was to follow the participants on two further occasions, at 1 and 2 years after that visit. However, as a result of the coronavirus disease

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Bruno Donadille Service d’Endocrinologie et Médecine de la Reproduction, Centre de Référence des Maladies Endocrines Rares de la Croissance, Hôpital Saint Antoine, Groupe Hospitalier Universitaire Est, AP-HP, Paris, France

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Muriel Houang Service d’Explorations Fonctionnelles Endocriniennes, Centre de Référence des Maladies Endocrines Rares de la Croissance, Hôpital Trousseau, Groupe Hospitalier Universitaire Est, AP-HP, Paris, France

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Irène Netchine Service d’Explorations Fonctionnelles Endocriniennes, Centre de Référence des Maladies Endocrines Rares de la Croissance, Hôpital Trousseau, Groupe Hospitalier Universitaire Est, AP-HP, Paris, France
Université Pierre et Marie Curie, Sorbonne Université, Paris, France

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Jean-Pierre Siffroi Université Pierre et Marie Curie, Sorbonne Université, Paris, France
INSERM UMR_S933, Paris, France

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Sophie Christin-Maitre Service d’Endocrinologie et Médecine de la Reproduction, Centre de Référence des Maladies Endocrines Rares de la Croissance, Hôpital Saint Antoine, Groupe Hospitalier Universitaire Est, AP-HP, Paris, France
Université Pierre et Marie Curie, Sorbonne Université, Paris, France
INSERM UMR_S933, Paris, France

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his written consent for the study. Morning samples for steroids, FSH, LH and inhibin B, AMH were sent to the accredited (Cofrac: www.cofrac.fr) clinical endocrinology laboratories in Saint Antoine and Cochin hospitals respectively. These

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Yanling Cai Department of Nuclear Medicine, Affiliated Hospital of North Sichuan Medical College, Nanchong, Sichuan, China

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Yan Yang Department of Nuclear Medicine, Affiliated Hospital of North Sichuan Medical College, Nanchong, Sichuan, China

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Xiao Pang Department of Nuclear Medicine, Affiliated Hospital of North Sichuan Medical College, Nanchong, Sichuan, China

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Suping Li Department of Nuclear Medicine, Affiliated Hospital of North Sichuan Medical College, Nanchong, Sichuan, China

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, free testosterone, or inhibin B. There were no restrictions on the language, date of publication, or status of the study. Exclusion criteria: case reports, reviews, and animal studies were excluded. Studies that included non-thyroid cancer patients

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Trine Holm Johannsen Department of Growth and Reproduction, Copenhagen University Hospital - Rigshospitalet, Copenhagen, Denmark
International Centre for Research and Research Training in Endocrine Disruption of Male Reproduction and Child Health (EDMaRC), Rigshospitalet, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark

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Jakob Albrethsen Department of Growth and Reproduction, Copenhagen University Hospital - Rigshospitalet, Copenhagen, Denmark
International Centre for Research and Research Training in Endocrine Disruption of Male Reproduction and Child Health (EDMaRC), Rigshospitalet, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark

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Vassos Neocleous The Cyprus Institute of Neurology and Genetics, Department of Molecular Genetics, Function and Therapy, Nicosia, Cyprus

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Federico Baronio S. Orsola-Malpighi University Hospital, Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences, Bologna, Italy

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Martine Cools Department of Pediatrics, Division of Pediatric Endocrinology, Ghent University Hospital and Department of Internal Medicine and Pediatrics, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium

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Lise Aksglaede Department of Growth and Reproduction, Copenhagen University Hospital - Rigshospitalet, Copenhagen, Denmark
International Centre for Research and Research Training in Endocrine Disruption of Male Reproduction and Child Health (EDMaRC), Rigshospitalet, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark

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Niels Jørgensen Department of Growth and Reproduction, Copenhagen University Hospital - Rigshospitalet, Copenhagen, Denmark
International Centre for Research and Research Training in Endocrine Disruption of Male Reproduction and Child Health (EDMaRC), Rigshospitalet, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark

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Peter Christiansen Department of Growth and Reproduction, Copenhagen University Hospital - Rigshospitalet, Copenhagen, Denmark
International Centre for Research and Research Training in Endocrine Disruption of Male Reproduction and Child Health (EDMaRC), Rigshospitalet, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark

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Meropi Toumba The Cyprus Institute of Neurology and Genetics, Department of Molecular Genetics, Function and Therapy, Nicosia, Cyprus
Pediatric Endocrinology Clinic, Department of Pediatrics, Aretaeio Hospital, Nicosia, Cyprus

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Pavlos Fanis The Cyprus Institute of Neurology and Genetics, Department of Molecular Genetics, Function and Therapy, Nicosia, Cyprus

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Marie Lindhardt Ljubicic Department of Growth and Reproduction, Copenhagen University Hospital - Rigshospitalet, Copenhagen, Denmark
International Centre for Research and Research Training in Endocrine Disruption of Male Reproduction and Child Health (EDMaRC), Rigshospitalet, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark

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Anders Juul Department of Growth and Reproduction, Copenhagen University Hospital - Rigshospitalet, Copenhagen, Denmark
International Centre for Research and Research Training in Endocrine Disruption of Male Reproduction and Child Health (EDMaRC), Rigshospitalet, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
Department of Clinical Medicine, University of Copenhagen, Denmark

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testosterone, inhibin B and anti-Müllerian hormone (AMH). Elevated concentrations of adrenal androgens may result in testosterone concentrations within the reference range despite low LH and FSH concentrations in CAH patients. Thus, additional markers of Leydig

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Mikkel Andreassen Department of Endocrinology, Faculty of Health Science, Rigshospitalet, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark

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Anders Juul Department of Growth and Reproduction, Faculty of Health Science, Rigshospitalet, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark

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Ulla Feldt-Rasmussen Department of Endocrinology, Faculty of Health Science, Rigshospitalet, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark

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Niels Jørgensen Department of Growth and Reproduction, Faculty of Health Science, Rigshospitalet, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark

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in humans, although some controversy exists ( 1 , 2 ). Through negative feedback, testosterone is the predominant regulator of LH, whereas inhibin b is the predominant regulator of FSH ( 2 ). Congenital hypogonadotropic hypogonadism (CHH) is

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