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Natalio García-Honduvilla Department of Medicine and Medical Specialities, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of Alcalá, Alcalá de Henares, Madrid, Spain
Networking Biomedical Research Center on Bioengineering, Biomaterials and Nanomedicine (CIBER-BBN), Madrid, Spain
Ramón y Cajal Institute of Sanitary Research (IRYCIS), Madrid, Spain
University Center of Defense of Madrid (CUD-ACD), Madrid, Spain

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Alberto Cifuentes Department of Medicine and Medical Specialities, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of Alcalá, Alcalá de Henares, Madrid, Spain
Networking Biomedical Research Center on Bioengineering, Biomaterials and Nanomedicine (CIBER-BBN), Madrid, Spain
Ramón y Cajal Institute of Sanitary Research (IRYCIS), Madrid, Spain

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Miguel A Ortega Department of Medicine and Medical Specialities, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of Alcalá, Alcalá de Henares, Madrid, Spain
Networking Biomedical Research Center on Bioengineering, Biomaterials and Nanomedicine (CIBER-BBN), Madrid, Spain
Ramón y Cajal Institute of Sanitary Research (IRYCIS), Madrid, Spain

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Marta Pastor Biopraxis Research AIE, Álava, Spain

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Garazi Gainza Biopraxis Research AIE, Álava, Spain

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Eusebio Gainza Biopraxis Research AIE, Álava, Spain

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Julia Buján Department of Medicine and Medical Specialities, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of Alcalá, Alcalá de Henares, Madrid, Spain
Networking Biomedical Research Center on Bioengineering, Biomaterials and Nanomedicine (CIBER-BBN), Madrid, Spain
Ramón y Cajal Institute of Sanitary Research (IRYCIS), Madrid, Spain
University Center of Defense of Madrid (CUD-ACD), Madrid, Spain

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Melchor Álvarez-Mon Department of Medicine and Medical Specialities, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of Alcalá, Alcalá de Henares, Madrid, Spain
Networking Biomedical Research Center on Bioengineering, Biomaterials and Nanomedicine (CIBER-BBN), Madrid, Spain
Ramón y Cajal Institute of Sanitary Research (IRYCIS), Madrid, Spain
University Center of Defense of Madrid (CUD-ACD), Madrid, Spain
Immune System Diseases-Rheumatology and Oncology Service, University Hospital Príncipe de Asturias, Alcalá de Henares, Madrid, Spain

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involvement of different organs including vascular and peripheral nervous system. According to the World Health Organization, in the year 2000, at least 171 million people suffered from diabetes, and it is estimated that 285 million people (aged 20–79 years

Article Type:
Research Article
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.1530/EC-18-0117
Volume/Issue:
Volume 7: Issue 4
Open access
Jane Fletcher Nutrition Nurses, University Hospitals Birmingham NHS Trust, Queen Elizabeth Hospital Birmingham, Mindelsohn Way, Edgbaston, Birmingham, UK
School of Nursing, Institute of Clinical Sciences, University of Birmingham, Edgbaston, Birmingham, UK

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Emma L Bishop Institute of Immunology and Immunotherapy, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, UK

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Stephanie R Harrison Leeds Institute of Rheumatic and Musculoskeletal Medicine, Chapel Allerton Hospital, Leeds, UK

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Amelia Swift School of Nursing, Institute of Clinical Sciences, University of Birmingham, Edgbaston, Birmingham, UK

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Sheldon C Cooper Gastroenterology Department, University Hospitals Birmingham NHS Trust, Queen Elizabeth Hospital Birmingham, Mindelsohn Way, Edgbaston, Birmingham, UK

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Sarah K Dimeloe Institute of Immunology and Immunotherapy, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, UK

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Karim Raza Institute of Inflammation and Ageing, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, UK

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Martin Hewison Institute of Metabolism and Systems Research, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, UK

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circulation include 3epi-25D and sulphated and glucuronide forms of 25D. Intracrine synthesis of 1,25D from 25D in tissues such as the placenta, spleen (immune system) and lungs is associated with immunomodulatory effects. Endocrine synthesis of 1,25D in the

Article Type:
Review Article
Collections:
Bone and Mineral Metabolism
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.1530/EC-21-0554
Volume/Issue:
Volume 11: Issue 3
Open access
Irasema Mendieta Facultad de Química, Universidad Autónoma de Querétaro, Querétaro, Mexico

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Rosa Elvira Nuñez-Anita Facultad de Medicina Veterinaria y Zootecnia, Universidad Michoacana de San Nicolás Hidalgo, Morelia, Michoacán, Mexico

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Gilberto Pérez-Sánchez Departmento de Psicoimunología, Instituto Nacional de Psiquiatría Ramón de la Fuente Muñiz, Ciudad de México, Mexico

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Lenin Pavón Departmento de Psicoimunología, Instituto Nacional de Psiquiatría Ramón de la Fuente Muñiz, Ciudad de México, Mexico

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Alfredo Rodríguez-Cruz Facultad de Química, Universidad Autónoma de Querétaro, Querétaro, Mexico

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Guadalupe García-Alcocer Facultad de Química, Universidad Autónoma de Querétaro, Querétaro, Mexico

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Laura Cristina Berumen Facultad de Química, Universidad Autónoma de Querétaro, Querétaro, Mexico

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various factors, including hormones and neurotransmitters. In the recent years, there has been an increasing interest in the role of these factors as immunomodulators in bidirectional communication with the immune system ( 11 ). In some cancers, it has

Article Type:
Research Article
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.1530/EC-18-0145
Volume/Issue:
Volume 7: Issue 5
Open access
J Brossaud Université de Bordeaux, Nutrition et Neurobiologie Intégrée, Bordeaux, France
Department of Nuclear Medicine, CHU de Bordeaux, Pessac, France
INRA, Nutrition et Neurobiologie Intégrée, UMR1286, Bordeaux, France

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V Pallet Université de Bordeaux, Nutrition et Neurobiologie Intégrée, Bordeaux, France
INRA, Nutrition et Neurobiologie Intégrée, UMR1286, Bordeaux, France

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J-B Corcuff Université de Bordeaux, Nutrition et Neurobiologie Intégrée, Bordeaux, France
Department of Nuclear Medicine, CHU de Bordeaux, Pessac, France
INRA, Nutrition et Neurobiologie Intégrée, UMR1286, Bordeaux, France

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childhood blindness as vitamin A and metabolites act as morphogens that modulates gene transcription during embryogenesis. In developed adults, vitamin A and metabolites play key roles in vision, immune and brain functions and tissue remodelling and

Article Type:
Review Article
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.1530/EC-17-0101
Volume/Issue:
Volume 6: Issue 7
Open access
Cecília Cristelo i3S – Instituto de Investigação e Inovação em Saúde, Universidade do Porto, Porto, Portugal
CEB – Centro de Engenharia Biológica, Universidade do Minho, Braga, Portugal

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Alexandra Machado CEB – Centro de Engenharia Biológica, Universidade do Minho, Braga, Portugal

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Bruno Sarmento i3S – Instituto de Investigação e Inovação em Saúde, Universidade do Porto, Porto, Portugal
CESPU, Instituto de Investigação e Formação Avançada em Ciências e Tecnologias da Saúde & Instituto Universitário de Ciências da Saúde, Gandra, Portugal

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Francisco Miguel Gama CEB – Centro de Engenharia Biológica, Universidade do Minho, Braga, Portugal

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immune system ( 79 , 80 ). AMPs are evolutionarily conserved molecules of the innate immune system present in all complex organisms ( 81 ). As many other AMPs, cathelicidin has a modest antimicrobial activity against a broad range of pathogens

Article Type:
Review Article
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.1530/EC-20-0484
Volume/Issue:
Volume 10: Issue 1
Open access
Janko Sattler Adrenal Steroid Group, ANZAC Research Institute, University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia
Department of Rheumatology and Clinical Immunology, Charité-University Medicine, Berlin, Germany

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Jinwen Tu Adrenal Steroid Group, ANZAC Research Institute, University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia
Bone Research Program, ANZAC Research Institute, University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia
Concord Clinical School, The University of Sydney, Sydney, Australia

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Shihani Stoner Bone Research Program, ANZAC Research Institute, University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia

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Jingbao Li Bone Research Program, ANZAC Research Institute, University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia
Key Laboratory for Space Bioscience and Biotechnology, Institute of Special Environmental Biophysics, School of Life Sciences, Northwestern Polytechnical University, Shaanxi, China

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Frank Buttgereit Department of Rheumatology and Clinical Immunology, Charité-University Medicine, Berlin, Germany

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Markus J Seibel Bone Research Program, ANZAC Research Institute, University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia
Concord Clinical School, The University of Sydney, Sydney, Australia
Department of Endocrinology & Metabolism, Concord Hospital, Sydney, Australia

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Hong Zhou Bone Research Program, ANZAC Research Institute, University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia
Concord Clinical School, The University of Sydney, Sydney, Australia

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Mark S Cooper Adrenal Steroid Group, ANZAC Research Institute, University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia
Concord Clinical School, The University of Sydney, Sydney, Australia
Department of Endocrinology & Metabolism, Concord Hospital, Sydney, Australia

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body production of active glucocorticoids from inactive precursors, a measure of systemic 11β-HSD1 activity, is increased in patients with immune-mediated arthritis but can be reduced by anti-tumor necrosis factor α therapy ( 11 , 12 ). 11β-HSD1 is

Article Type:
Research Article
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.1530/EC-17-0361
Volume/Issue:
Volume 7: Issue 2
Open access
Elizabeth Yan Zhang Department of Pharmacology, Department of Biology, Toxicology and Therapeutics, School of Medicine, University of Kansas Medical Center, Room 4061 of KLSIC Building, 2146 West 39th Street, Kansas City, Kansas 66160, USA

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Bao-Ting Zhu Department of Pharmacology, Department of Biology, Toxicology and Therapeutics, School of Medicine, University of Kansas Medical Center, Room 4061 of KLSIC Building, 2146 West 39th Street, Kansas City, Kansas 66160, USA
Department of Pharmacology, Department of Biology, Toxicology and Therapeutics, School of Medicine, University of Kansas Medical Center, Room 4061 of KLSIC Building, 2146 West 39th Street, Kansas City, Kansas 66160, USA

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Introduction Many earlier studies have shown that estrogens are important modulators of immune system functions. It was demonstrated that although physiological levels of estrogens are immunostimulatory, high or super-physiological levels of

Article Type:
Research Article
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.1530/EC-14-0080
Volume/Issue:
Volume 3: Issue 4
Open access
Elizabeth Micks Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Department of Research, University of Washington, Box 356460, 1959 NE Pacific Street, Seattle, Washington, USA

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Greta B Raglan Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Department of Research, University of Washington, Box 356460, 1959 NE Pacific Street, Seattle, Washington, USA

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Jay Schulkin Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Department of Research, University of Washington, Box 356460, 1959 NE Pacific Street, Seattle, Washington, USA
Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Department of Research, University of Washington, Box 356460, 1959 NE Pacific Street, Seattle, Washington, USA

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of progestins on various organ systems, particularly the immune system, and how these findings might impact the development of contraceptive and preterm birth prevention methods. Progesterone: diverse roles in different systems It is estimated that

Article Type:
Review Article
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.1530/EC-15-0093
Volume/Issue:
Volume 4: Issue 4
Open access
Peter Ergang Institute of Physiology, Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic, Prague, Czech Republic

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Anna Mikulecká Institute of Physiology, Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic, Prague, Czech Republic

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Martin Vodicˇka Institute of Physiology, Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic, Prague, Czech Republic
Department of Physiology, Faculty of Science, Charles University, Prague, Czech Republic

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Karla Vagnerová Institute of Physiology, Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic, Prague, Czech Republic

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Ivan Mikšík Institute of Physiology, Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic, Prague, Czech Republic

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Jirˇí Pácha Institute of Physiology, Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic, Prague, Czech Republic
Department of Physiology, Faculty of Science, Charles University, Prague, Czech Republic

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in the immune system during social defeat indicates that the local effect of glucocorticoids follows both the systemic patterns of glucocorticoid synthesis by the adrenal gland and the local regeneration of corticosterone catalyzed by 11HSD1 via its

Article Type:
Research Article
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.1530/EC-18-0319
Volume/Issue:
Volume 7: Issue 12
Open access
Camila Aparecida Moma Endocrinology Division, Department of Internal Medicine, Faculty of Medical Sciences, University of Campinas, Campinas, São Paulo, Brazil

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Icléia Siqueira Barreto Department of Pathology, Faculty of Medical Sciences, University of Campinas, Campinas, São Paulo, Brazil

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Ligia Vera Montali Assumpção Endocrinology Division, Department of Internal Medicine, Faculty of Medical Sciences, University of Campinas, Campinas, São Paulo, Brazil

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Denise Engelbrecht Zantut-Wittmann Endocrinology Division, Department of Internal Medicine, Faculty of Medical Sciences, University of Campinas, Campinas, São Paulo, Brazil

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tumor microenvironment, which allows us to understand how the immune system orchestrates itself to contain neoplastic progression ( 10 , 11 , 12 , 13 , 14 ). Initially, neoplastic cells are identified and destroyed by the immune system; however

Article Type:
Research Article
Collections:
Thyroid
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.1530/EC-24-0135
Volume/Issue:
Volume 13: Issue 8
Open access