I Savchuk
I Savchuk
Department of Women’s and Children’s Health, Pediatric Endocrinology Unit, Karolinska Institute & University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden
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M L Morvan
M L Morvan
LUNAM Université, École Nationale Vétérinaire, Agroalimentaire et de l’Alimentation, Nantes-Atlantique (Oniris), Laboratoire d’Étude des Résidus et Contaminants dans les Aliments (LABERCA), USC INRA 1329, Nantes, France
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J P Antignac
J P Antignac
LUNAM Université, École Nationale Vétérinaire, Agroalimentaire et de l’Alimentation, Nantes-Atlantique (Oniris), Laboratoire d’Étude des Résidus et Contaminants dans les Aliments (LABERCA), USC INRA 1329, Nantes, France
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K Gemzell-Danielsson
K Gemzell-Danielsson
Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Karolinska Institute & University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden
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B Le Bizec
B Le Bizec
LUNAM Université, École Nationale Vétérinaire, Agroalimentaire et de l’Alimentation, Nantes-Atlantique (Oniris), Laboratoire d’Étude des Résidus et Contaminants dans les Aliments (LABERCA), USC INRA 1329, Nantes, France
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O Söder
O Söder
Department of Women’s and Children’s Health, Pediatric Endocrinology Unit, Karolinska Institute & University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden
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K Svechnikov
K Svechnikov
Department of Women’s and Children’s Health, Pediatric Endocrinology Unit, Karolinska Institute & University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden
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Introduction Steroid hormones produced by the human fetal adrenal glands (HFA) have been proposed to regulate intrauterine homeostasis and the maturation of certain organs required for extrauterine life ( 1 ). In this case, appropriate
Manon Engels
Manon Engels
Department of Paediatrics, Radboud Amalia Children’s Hospital, Radboud university medical center, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
Laboratory Medicine, Radboud Institute for Molecular Life Sciences (RIMLS), Radboud university medical center, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
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Laboratory Medicine, Radboud Institute for Molecular Life Sciences (RIMLS), Radboud university medical center, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
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Paul N Span
Paul N Span
Radiation Oncology, Radiotherapy and OncoImmunology Laboratory, RIMLS, Radboud university medical center, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
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Rod T Mitchell
Rod T Mitchell
MRC Centre for Reproductive Health, University of Edinburgh, The Queen’s Medical Research Institute, Edinburgh, UK
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Joop J T M Heuvel
Joop J T M Heuvel
Laboratory Medicine, Radboud Institute for Molecular Life Sciences (RIMLS), Radboud university medical center, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
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Monica A Marijnissen-van Zanten
Monica A Marijnissen-van Zanten
Department of Pathology, Radboud university medical center, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
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Antonius E van Herwaarden
Antonius E van Herwaarden
Laboratory Medicine, Radboud Institute for Molecular Life Sciences (RIMLS), Radboud university medical center, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
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Christina A Hulsbergen-van de Kaa
Christina A Hulsbergen-van de Kaa
Department of Pathology, Radboud university medical center, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
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Egbert Oosterwijk
Egbert Oosterwijk
Department of Urology, Radboud university medical center, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
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Nike M Stikkelbroeck
Nike M Stikkelbroeck
Department of Internal Medicine, Radboud university medical center, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
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Lee B Smith
Lee B Smith
MRC Centre for Reproductive Health, University of Edinburgh, The Queen’s Medical Research Institute, Edinburgh, UK
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Fred C G J Sweep
Fred C G J Sweep
Laboratory Medicine, Radboud Institute for Molecular Life Sciences (RIMLS), Radboud university medical center, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
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Hedi L Claahsen-van der Grinten
Hedi L Claahsen-van der Grinten
Department of Paediatrics, Radboud Amalia Children’s Hospital, Radboud university medical center, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
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.1210/en.2003-0472 12959982 39 Kiiveri S Liu J Westerholm-Ormio M Narita N Wilson DB Voutilainen R Heikinheimo M. Differential expression of GATA-4 and GATA-6 in fetal and adult mouse and human adrenal tissue . Endocrinology
Deirdre Green
Deirdre Green
Academic Department of Endocrinology, Beaumont Hospital and the Royal College of Surgeons in Ireland, Dublin
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Rosemary Dineen
Rosemary Dineen
Academic Department of Endocrinology, Beaumont Hospital and the Royal College of Surgeons in Ireland, Dublin
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Michael W O’Reilly
Michael W O’Reilly
Academic Department of Endocrinology, Beaumont Hospital and the Royal College of Surgeons in Ireland, Dublin
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Mark Sherlock
Mark Sherlock
Academic Department of Endocrinology, Beaumont Hospital and the Royal College of Surgeons in Ireland, Dublin
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positive feedback loop. Placental CRH stimulates production of fetal cortisol, both by increasing fetal adrenal responsiveness to ACTH and by direct stimulation of the adrenal. Increased fetal cortisol would in turn stimulate placental CRH production
Stine Linding Andersen
Stine Linding Andersen
Department of Clinical Biochemistry, Aalborg University Hospital, Aalborg, Denmark
Department of Clinical Medicine, Aalborg University, Aalborg, Denmark
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Department of Clinical Medicine, Aalborg University, Aalborg, Denmark
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Stig Andersen
Stig Andersen
Department of Clinical Medicine, Aalborg University, Aalborg, Denmark
Department of Geriatrics, Aalborg University Hospital, Aalborg, Denmark
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Department of Geriatrics, Aalborg University Hospital, Aalborg, Denmark
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hyperthyroidism and supporting evidence from experimental and human studies, and we discuss methodological aspects and implications for scientific and clinical practice. The hypothesis of fetal programming Fetal programming is a concept within reproductive
Fiona Broughton Pipkin
Fiona Broughton Pipkin
Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, Department of Nephrology, Leicester Royal Infirmary, School of Medicine, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, NG5 1PB, UK
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Hiten D Mistry
Hiten D Mistry
Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, Department of Nephrology, Leicester Royal Infirmary, School of Medicine, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, NG5 1PB, UK
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Chandrima Roy
Chandrima Roy
Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, Department of Nephrology, Leicester Royal Infirmary, School of Medicine, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, NG5 1PB, UK
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Bernhard Dick
Bernhard Dick
Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, Department of Nephrology, Leicester Royal Infirmary, School of Medicine, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, NG5 1PB, UK
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Jason Waugh
Jason Waugh
Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, Department of Nephrology, Leicester Royal Infirmary, School of Medicine, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, NG5 1PB, UK
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Rebecca Chikhi
Rebecca Chikhi
Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, Department of Nephrology, Leicester Royal Infirmary, School of Medicine, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, NG5 1PB, UK
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Lesia O Kurlak
Lesia O Kurlak
Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, Department of Nephrology, Leicester Royal Infirmary, School of Medicine, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, NG5 1PB, UK
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Markus G Mohaupt
Markus G Mohaupt
Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, Department of Nephrology, Leicester Royal Infirmary, School of Medicine, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, NG5 1PB, UK
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153 – 165 . ( doi:10.1530/eje.0.1350153 ). 2 Rainey WE Rehman KS Carr BR . Fetal and maternal adrenals in human pregnancy . Obstetrics and Gynecology Clinics of North America 2004 31 817 – 835 . ( doi:10.1016/j.ogc.2004.08.006 ). 3
Erika Peverelli
Erika Peverelli
Endocrinology and Diabetology Unit, Diabetology and Metabolic Disease Unit, Endocrinology Unit, Unit of Human Pathology, Surgical Department, Department of Clinical Sciences and Community Health, University of Milan, Fondazione IRCCS Ca' Granda Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, Pad.Granelli, Via F. Sforza, 35, 20122 Milan, Italy
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Federica Ermetici
Federica Ermetici
Endocrinology and Diabetology Unit, Diabetology and Metabolic Disease Unit, Endocrinology Unit, Unit of Human Pathology, Surgical Department, Department of Clinical Sciences and Community Health, University of Milan, Fondazione IRCCS Ca' Granda Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, Pad.Granelli, Via F. Sforza, 35, 20122 Milan, Italy
Endocrinology and Diabetology Unit, Diabetology and Metabolic Disease Unit, Endocrinology Unit, Unit of Human Pathology, Surgical Department, Department of Clinical Sciences and Community Health, University of Milan, Fondazione IRCCS Ca' Granda Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, Pad.Granelli, Via F. Sforza, 35, 20122 Milan, Italy
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Endocrinology and Diabetology Unit, Diabetology and Metabolic Disease Unit, Endocrinology Unit, Unit of Human Pathology, Surgical Department, Department of Clinical Sciences and Community Health, University of Milan, Fondazione IRCCS Ca' Granda Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, Pad.Granelli, Via F. Sforza, 35, 20122 Milan, Italy
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Sabrina Corbetta
Sabrina Corbetta
Endocrinology and Diabetology Unit, Diabetology and Metabolic Disease Unit, Endocrinology Unit, Unit of Human Pathology, Surgical Department, Department of Clinical Sciences and Community Health, University of Milan, Fondazione IRCCS Ca' Granda Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, Pad.Granelli, Via F. Sforza, 35, 20122 Milan, Italy
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Ettore Gozzini
Ettore Gozzini
Endocrinology and Diabetology Unit, Diabetology and Metabolic Disease Unit, Endocrinology Unit, Unit of Human Pathology, Surgical Department, Department of Clinical Sciences and Community Health, University of Milan, Fondazione IRCCS Ca' Granda Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, Pad.Granelli, Via F. Sforza, 35, 20122 Milan, Italy
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Laura Avagliano
Laura Avagliano
Endocrinology and Diabetology Unit, Diabetology and Metabolic Disease Unit, Endocrinology Unit, Unit of Human Pathology, Surgical Department, Department of Clinical Sciences and Community Health, University of Milan, Fondazione IRCCS Ca' Granda Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, Pad.Granelli, Via F. Sforza, 35, 20122 Milan, Italy
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Marco A Zappa
Marco A Zappa
Endocrinology and Diabetology Unit, Diabetology and Metabolic Disease Unit, Endocrinology Unit, Unit of Human Pathology, Surgical Department, Department of Clinical Sciences and Community Health, University of Milan, Fondazione IRCCS Ca' Granda Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, Pad.Granelli, Via F. Sforza, 35, 20122 Milan, Italy
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Gaetano Bulfamante
Gaetano Bulfamante
Endocrinology and Diabetology Unit, Diabetology and Metabolic Disease Unit, Endocrinology Unit, Unit of Human Pathology, Surgical Department, Department of Clinical Sciences and Community Health, University of Milan, Fondazione IRCCS Ca' Granda Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, Pad.Granelli, Via F. Sforza, 35, 20122 Milan, Italy
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Paolo Beck-Peccoz
Paolo Beck-Peccoz
Endocrinology and Diabetology Unit, Diabetology and Metabolic Disease Unit, Endocrinology Unit, Unit of Human Pathology, Surgical Department, Department of Clinical Sciences and Community Health, University of Milan, Fondazione IRCCS Ca' Granda Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, Pad.Granelli, Via F. Sforza, 35, 20122 Milan, Italy
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Anna Spada
Anna Spada
Endocrinology and Diabetology Unit, Diabetology and Metabolic Disease Unit, Endocrinology Unit, Unit of Human Pathology, Surgical Department, Department of Clinical Sciences and Community Health, University of Milan, Fondazione IRCCS Ca' Granda Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, Pad.Granelli, Via F. Sforza, 35, 20122 Milan, Italy
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Giovanna Mantovani
Giovanna Mantovani
Endocrinology and Diabetology Unit, Diabetology and Metabolic Disease Unit, Endocrinology Unit, Unit of Human Pathology, Surgical Department, Department of Clinical Sciences and Community Health, University of Milan, Fondazione IRCCS Ca' Granda Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, Pad.Granelli, Via F. Sforza, 35, 20122 Milan, Italy
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are still scarce. In this study, we evaluated the expression of PKA regulatory subunits in human adipose tissue during fetal development as well as their role in the differentiation process of two in vitro cell models of adipogenesis, i.e., 3T3-L1
Tatiana V Novoselova
Tatiana V Novoselova
Centre for Endocrinology, William Harvey Research Institute, Barts and the London School of Medicine, Queen Mary University of London, London, UK
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Peter J King
Peter J King
Centre for Endocrinology, William Harvey Research Institute, Barts and the London School of Medicine, Queen Mary University of London, London, UK
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Leonardo Guasti
Leonardo Guasti
Centre for Endocrinology, William Harvey Research Institute, Barts and the London School of Medicine, Queen Mary University of London, London, UK
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Louise A Metherell
Louise A Metherell
Centre for Endocrinology, William Harvey Research Institute, Barts and the London School of Medicine, Queen Mary University of London, London, UK
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Adrian J L Clark
Adrian J L Clark
Centre for Endocrinology, William Harvey Research Institute, Barts and the London School of Medicine, Queen Mary University of London, London, UK
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Li F Chan
Li F Chan
Centre for Endocrinology, William Harvey Research Institute, Barts and the London School of Medicine, Queen Mary University of London, London, UK
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Hypothalamo–pituitary–adrenal axis The hypothalamo–pituitary–adrenal (HPA) axis dictates the production of glucocorticoids secreted from the adrenal gland. Parvocellular neurosecretory neurons within the hypothalamic paraventricular nucleus
Emanuelle Nunes-Souza
Emanuelle Nunes-Souza
Pelé Pequeno Príncipe Research Institute, Água Verde, Curitiba, Parana, Brazil
Faculdades Pequeno Príncipe, Rebouças, Curitiba, Parana, Brazil
Centro de Genética Molecular e Pesquisa do Câncer em Crianças (CEGEMPAC) at Universidade Federal do Paraná, Agostinho Leão Jr., Glória, Curitiba, Parana, Brazil
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Faculdades Pequeno Príncipe, Rebouças, Curitiba, Parana, Brazil
Centro de Genética Molecular e Pesquisa do Câncer em Crianças (CEGEMPAC) at Universidade Federal do Paraná, Agostinho Leão Jr., Glória, Curitiba, Parana, Brazil
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Mônica Evelise Silveira
Mônica Evelise Silveira
Laboratório Central de Análises Clínicas, Hospital de Clínicas, Universidade Federal do Paraná, Centro, Curitiba, Paraná, Brazil
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Monalisa Castilho Mendes
Monalisa Castilho Mendes
Pelé Pequeno Príncipe Research Institute, Água Verde, Curitiba, Parana, Brazil
Faculdades Pequeno Príncipe, Rebouças, Curitiba, Parana, Brazil
Centro de Genética Molecular e Pesquisa do Câncer em Crianças (CEGEMPAC) at Universidade Federal do Paraná, Agostinho Leão Jr., Glória, Curitiba, Parana, Brazil
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Faculdades Pequeno Príncipe, Rebouças, Curitiba, Parana, Brazil
Centro de Genética Molecular e Pesquisa do Câncer em Crianças (CEGEMPAC) at Universidade Federal do Paraná, Agostinho Leão Jr., Glória, Curitiba, Parana, Brazil
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Seigo Nagashima
Seigo Nagashima
Serviço de Anatomia Patológica, Hospital de Clínicas, Universidade Federal do Paraná, General Carneiro, Alto da Glória, Curitiba, Parana, Brazil
Departamento de Medicina, PUC-PR, Prado Velho, Curitiba, Parana, Brazil
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Departamento de Medicina, PUC-PR, Prado Velho, Curitiba, Parana, Brazil
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Caroline Busatta Vaz de Paula
Caroline Busatta Vaz de Paula
Serviço de Anatomia Patológica, Hospital de Clínicas, Universidade Federal do Paraná, General Carneiro, Alto da Glória, Curitiba, Parana, Brazil
Departamento de Medicina, PUC-PR, Prado Velho, Curitiba, Parana, Brazil
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Departamento de Medicina, PUC-PR, Prado Velho, Curitiba, Parana, Brazil
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Guilherme Guilherme Vieira Cavalcante da Silva
Guilherme Guilherme Vieira Cavalcante da Silva
Serviço de Anatomia Patológica, Hospital de Clínicas, Universidade Federal do Paraná, General Carneiro, Alto da Glória, Curitiba, Parana, Brazil
Departamento de Medicina, PUC-PR, Prado Velho, Curitiba, Parana, Brazil
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Departamento de Medicina, PUC-PR, Prado Velho, Curitiba, Parana, Brazil
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Giovanna Silva Barbosa
Giovanna Silva Barbosa
Serviço de Anatomia Patológica, Hospital de Clínicas, Universidade Federal do Paraná, General Carneiro, Alto da Glória, Curitiba, Parana, Brazil
Departamento de Medicina, PUC-PR, Prado Velho, Curitiba, Parana, Brazil
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Departamento de Medicina, PUC-PR, Prado Velho, Curitiba, Parana, Brazil
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Julia Belgrowicz Martins
Julia Belgrowicz Martins
Pelé Pequeno Príncipe Research Institute, Água Verde, Curitiba, Parana, Brazil
Faculdades Pequeno Príncipe, Rebouças, Curitiba, Parana, Brazil
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Faculdades Pequeno Príncipe, Rebouças, Curitiba, Parana, Brazil
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Lúcia de Noronha
Lúcia de Noronha
Serviço de Anatomia Patológica, Hospital de Clínicas, Universidade Federal do Paraná, General Carneiro, Alto da Glória, Curitiba, Parana, Brazil
Departamento de Medicina, PUC-PR, Prado Velho, Curitiba, Parana, Brazil
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Departamento de Medicina, PUC-PR, Prado Velho, Curitiba, Parana, Brazil
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Luana Lenzi
Luana Lenzi
Departamento de Análises Clínicas, Universidade Federal do Paraná, Curitiba, Paraná, Brazil
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José Renato Sales Barbosa
José Renato Sales Barbosa
Pelé Pequeno Príncipe Research Institute, Água Verde, Curitiba, Parana, Brazil
Centro de Genética Molecular e Pesquisa do Câncer em Crianças (CEGEMPAC) at Universidade Federal do Paraná, Agostinho Leão Jr., Glória, Curitiba, Parana, Brazil
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Centro de Genética Molecular e Pesquisa do Câncer em Crianças (CEGEMPAC) at Universidade Federal do Paraná, Agostinho Leão Jr., Glória, Curitiba, Parana, Brazil
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Rayssa Danilow Fachin Donin
Rayssa Danilow Fachin Donin
Centro de Genética Molecular e Pesquisa do Câncer em Crianças (CEGEMPAC) at Universidade Federal do Paraná, Agostinho Leão Jr., Glória, Curitiba, Parana, Brazil
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Juliana Ferreira de Moura
Juliana Ferreira de Moura
Pós Graduação em Microbiologia, Parasitologia e Patologia, Departamento de Patologia Básica – UFPR, Curitiba, Brazil
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Gislaine Custódio
Gislaine Custódio
Faculdades Pequeno Príncipe, Rebouças, Curitiba, Parana, Brazil
Laboratório Central de Análises Clínicas, Hospital de Clínicas, Universidade Federal do Paraná, Centro, Curitiba, Paraná, Brazil
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Laboratório Central de Análises Clínicas, Hospital de Clínicas, Universidade Federal do Paraná, Centro, Curitiba, Paraná, Brazil
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Cleber Machado-Souza
Cleber Machado-Souza
Pelé Pequeno Príncipe Research Institute, Água Verde, Curitiba, Parana, Brazil
Faculdades Pequeno Príncipe, Rebouças, Curitiba, Parana, Brazil
Centro de Genética Molecular e Pesquisa do Câncer em Crianças (CEGEMPAC) at Universidade Federal do Paraná, Agostinho Leão Jr., Glória, Curitiba, Parana, Brazil
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Faculdades Pequeno Príncipe, Rebouças, Curitiba, Parana, Brazil
Centro de Genética Molecular e Pesquisa do Câncer em Crianças (CEGEMPAC) at Universidade Federal do Paraná, Agostinho Leão Jr., Glória, Curitiba, Parana, Brazil
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Enzo Lalli
Enzo Lalli
Institut de Pharmacologie Moléculaire et Cellulaire CNRS, Sophia Antipolis, Valbonne, France
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Bonald Cavalcante de Figueiredo
Bonald Cavalcante de Figueiredo
Pelé Pequeno Príncipe Research Institute, Água Verde, Curitiba, Parana, Brazil
Faculdades Pequeno Príncipe, Rebouças, Curitiba, Parana, Brazil
Centro de Genética Molecular e Pesquisa do Câncer em Crianças (CEGEMPAC) at Universidade Federal do Paraná, Agostinho Leão Jr., Glória, Curitiba, Parana, Brazil
Departamento de Saúde Coletiva, Universidade Federal do Paraná, Curitiba, Paraná, Brazil
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Faculdades Pequeno Príncipe, Rebouças, Curitiba, Parana, Brazil
Centro de Genética Molecular e Pesquisa do Câncer em Crianças (CEGEMPAC) at Universidade Federal do Paraná, Agostinho Leão Jr., Glória, Curitiba, Parana, Brazil
Departamento de Saúde Coletiva, Universidade Federal do Paraná, Curitiba, Paraná, Brazil
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-008-9105-1 ) 5 Mason JI Rainey WE Steroidogenesis in the human fetal adrenal: a role for cholesterol synthesized de novo . Journal of Clinical Endocrinology and Metabolism 1987 64 140 – 147 . ( https://doi.org/10.1210/jcem-64-1-140 ) 6 Ishimoto H
Annelies van’t Westeinde
Annelies van’t Westeinde
Department of Women’s and Children’s Health, Karolinska Institutet and Division of Pediatrics, Unit for Pediatric Endocrinology and Metabolic Disorders, Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden
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Leif Karlsson
Leif Karlsson
Department of Women’s and Children’s Health, Karolinska Institutet and Division of Pediatrics, Unit for Pediatric Endocrinology and Metabolic Disorders, Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden
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Valeria Messina
Valeria Messina
Department of Women’s and Children’s Health, Karolinska Institutet and Division of Pediatrics, Unit for Pediatric Endocrinology and Metabolic Disorders, Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden
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Lena Wallensteen
Lena Wallensteen
Department of Women’s and Children’s Health, Karolinska Institutet and Division of Pediatrics, Unit for Pediatric Endocrinology and Metabolic Disorders, Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden
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Manuela Brösamle
Manuela Brösamle
European Patient Advocacy Group for Adrenal Diseases, European Reference Network on Rare Endocrine Conditions (Endo ERN), Endo ERN Coordinating Centre, Leiden, The Netherlands
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Giorgio Dal Maso
Giorgio Dal Maso
ArfSAG (Associazione Refionale Famiglie Sindrome Adreno Genitale) c/o Unita Operativa di Pediatria, Azienda Ospedaliero Universitaria di Bologna, Policlinico S Orsala-Malpighi, Bologna, Italy
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Alessandro Lazzerini
Alessandro Lazzerini
Spanish Association of Congenital Adrenal Hyperplasia (CAH), Spain
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Jette Kristensen
Jette Kristensen
ePAG & Chair of Danish Addison Patient Association, Aarhus, Denmark
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Diana Kwast
Diana Kwast
Dutch Adrenal Society NVACP, Nijkerk, The Netherlands
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Lea Tschaidse
Lea Tschaidse
Department of Endocrinology, Medizinische Klinik IV, Klinikum der Universität München, Munich, Germany
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Matthias K Auer
Matthias K Auer
Department of Endocrinology, Medizinische Klinik IV, Klinikum der Universität München, Munich, Germany
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Hanna F Nowotny
Hanna F Nowotny
Department of Endocrinology, Medizinische Klinik IV, Klinikum der Universität München, Munich, Germany
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Luca Persani
Luca Persani
Department of Medical Biotechnology and Translational Medicine, University of Milan, Milan, Italy
Department of Endocrine and Metabolic Diseases, Istituto Auxologico Italiano IRCCS, Milan, Italy
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Department of Endocrine and Metabolic Diseases, Istituto Auxologico Italiano IRCCS, Milan, Italy
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Nicole Reisch
Nicole Reisch
Department of Endocrinology, Medizinische Klinik IV, Klinikum der Universität München, Munich, Germany
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Svetlana Lajic
Svetlana Lajic
Department of Women’s and Children’s Health, Karolinska Institutet and Division of Pediatrics, Unit for Pediatric Endocrinology and Metabolic Disorders, Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden
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RB . Development and function of the human fetal adrenal cortex: a key component in the feto-placental unit . Endocrine Reviews 2011 32 317 – 355 . ( https://doi.org/10.1210/er.2010-0001 ) 41 Mesiano S Jaffe RB . Developmental and functional
Stavroula A Paschou
Stavroula A Paschou
Department of Endocrinology and Diabetes, Hellenic Red Cross Hospital, Athens, Greece
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Eleni Palioura
Eleni Palioura
Department of Endocrinology and Diabetes, Hellenic Red Cross Hospital, Athens, Greece
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Dimitrios Ioannidis
Dimitrios Ioannidis
Department of Endocrinology and Diabetes, Sismanoglio-Amalia Fleming Hospital, Athens, Greece
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Panagiotis Anagnostis
Panagiotis Anagnostis
Unit of Reproductive Endocrinology, First Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Medical School, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Thessaloniki, Greece
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Argyro Panagiotakou
Argyro Panagiotakou
Department of Endocrinology and Diabetes, Sismanoglio-Amalia Fleming Hospital, Athens, Greece
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Vasiliki Loi
Vasiliki Loi
Department of Endocrinology and Diabetes, Hellenic Red Cross Hospital, Athens, Greece
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Georgios Karageorgos
Georgios Karageorgos
Department of Endocrinology and Diabetes, Sismanoglio-Amalia Fleming Hospital, Athens, Greece
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Dimitrios G Goulis
Dimitrios G Goulis
Unit of Reproductive Endocrinology, First Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Medical School, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Thessaloniki, Greece
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Andromachi Vryonidou
Andromachi Vryonidou
Department of Endocrinology and Diabetes, Hellenic Red Cross Hospital, Athens, Greece
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degree of insulin resistance ( 7 ). Androgens are mainly of ovarian origin but in 30% of the patients, they originate from the adrenal glands ( 8 ), the main representative being dehydroepiandrosterone sulfate (DHEA-S). The effect of this specific (mainly
