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Charlotte Janus Department of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
Danish Diabetes Academy, Odense University Hospital, Odense, Denmark

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Dorte Vistisen Steno Diabetes Center Copenhagen, Gentofte, Denmark

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Hanan Amadid Steno Diabetes Center Copenhagen, Gentofte, Denmark
Department of Public Health, Research Unit of Epidemiology, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark

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Daniel R Witte Danish Diabetes Academy, Odense University Hospital, Odense, Denmark
Department of Public Health, Research Unit of Epidemiology, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark
Steno Diabetes Center Aarhus, Aarhus, Denmark

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Torsten Lauritzen Department of Public Health, Research Unit of Epidemiology, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark

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Søren Brage MRC Epidemiology Unit, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK

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Anne-Louise Bjerregaard Department of Public Health, Research Unit of Epidemiology, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark

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Torben Hansen Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Basic Metabolic Research, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark

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Jens J Holst Department of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Basic Metabolic Research, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark

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Marit E Jørgensen Steno Diabetes Center Copenhagen, Gentofte, Denmark
National Institute of Public Health, University of Southern Denmark, Odense, Denmark

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Oluf Pedersen Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Basic Metabolic Research, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark

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Kristine Færch Steno Diabetes Center Copenhagen, Gentofte, Denmark

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Signe S Torekov Department of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Basic Metabolic Research, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark

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strategy in relation to T2D prevention. Therefore, our objective was to investigate whether an association between habitual physical activity and GLP-1 secretion can be demonstrated in an overweight population at risk of developing T2D. Since greater

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Mirjam M Oosterwerff Departments of Internal Medicine, Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Public and Occupational Health, Endocrine Section

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Rosa Meijnen Departments of Internal Medicine, Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Public and Occupational Health, Endocrine Section

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Natasja M Van Schoor Departments of Internal Medicine, Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Public and Occupational Health, Endocrine Section

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Dirk L Knol Departments of Internal Medicine, Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Public and Occupational Health, Endocrine Section

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Mark H H Kramer Departments of Internal Medicine, Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Public and Occupational Health, Endocrine Section

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Mireille N M Van Poppel Departments of Internal Medicine, Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Public and Occupational Health, Endocrine Section

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Paul Lips Departments of Internal Medicine, Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Public and Occupational Health, Endocrine Section

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E Marelise W Eekhoff Departments of Internal Medicine, Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Public and Occupational Health, Endocrine Section

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, compared with the indigenous population. According to recent statistics, 72% of non-western immigrants do not comply with the Dutch physical activity guidelines (2) , while 45% are overweight (BMI ≥25 kg/m 2 ; http://statline.cbs.nl/ , retrieved May 1

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Benjamin D Maylor Institute for Sport and Physical Activity Research, School of Sport Science and Physical Activity, University of Bedfordshire, Bedford, UK
Leicester Diabetes Centre, University of Leicester, Leicester General Hospital, Leicester, UK

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Julia K Zakrzewski-Fruer Institute for Sport and Physical Activity Research, School of Sport Science and Physical Activity, University of Bedfordshire, Bedford, UK

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Charlie J Orton Institute for Sport and Physical Activity Research, School of Sport Science and Physical Activity, University of Bedfordshire, Bedford, UK

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Daniel P Bailey Institute for Sport and Physical Activity Research, School of Sport Science and Physical Activity, University of Bedfordshire, Bedford, UK
Centre for Physical Activity in Health and Disease, Brunel University London, Uxbridge, UK
Division of Sport, Health and Exercise Sciences, Department of Life Sciences, Brunel University London, Uxbridge, UK

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of accumulating physical activity in short regular bouts to break up sitting ( 6 ), the effects of this pattern of physical activity on appetite are not well understood. This is important as a reduction in energy expenditure due to a single day of

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Kaiyu Pan Department of Paediatrics, The First People's Hospital of Xiaoshan District, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China

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Chengyue Zhang Xiangya School of Medicine, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China

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Xiaocong Yao Department of Osteoporosis, The First People's Hospital of Xiaoshan District, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China

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Zhongxin Zhu Institute of Orthopaedics and Traumatology of Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China

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their own. Total BMD measurement was determined by DEXA scans. For covariates in this study, sex, race/ethnicity, physical activity, and Ca supplement use were used as categorical variables; age, BMI, poverty to income ratio, and serum Ca were used as

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Michelle J Galvan Metabolic, Nutrition, and Exercise Research (MiNER) Laboratory, Department of Kinesiology, University of Texas at El Paso, El Paso, Texas, USA

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Michael J Sanchez Metabolic, Nutrition, and Exercise Research (MiNER) Laboratory, Department of Kinesiology, University of Texas at El Paso, El Paso, Texas, USA

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Andrew J McAinch Institute for Health and Sport (IHES), Victoria University, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
Australian Institute for Musculoskeletal Science (AIMSS), Victoria University, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia

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Jeffrey D Covington Department of Pathology, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, Massachusetts, USA

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Jason B Boyle Metabolic, Nutrition, and Exercise Research (MiNER) Laboratory, Department of Kinesiology, University of Texas at El Paso, El Paso, Texas, USA

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Sudip Bajpeyi Metabolic, Nutrition, and Exercise Research (MiNER) Laboratory, Department of Kinesiology, University of Texas at El Paso, El Paso, Texas, USA

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Introduction Exercise is highly effective in improving insulin sensitivity and metabolic health ( 1 ). However, the majority of US adults do not meet the recommended physical activity guidelines, which has significantly contributed to a

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P Herbert School of Sport, Health and Outdoor Education, Trinity Saint David, University of Wales, Wales, UK

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LD Hayes Active Ageing Research Group, Department of Medical and Sport Sciences, University of Cumbria, Lancaster, UK

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NF Sculthorpe Institute of Clinical Exercise and Health Science, University of the West of Scotland, Scotland, UK

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FM Grace Faculty of Health, Federation University, Victoria, Australia

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physical activity threshold guidelines (150 min/week) ( 5 ). Six HIIT sessions has over a two- to three-week period improved muscle force in physically active young men and women ( 6 ), and six-week low-frequency HIIT improved peak oxygen uptake (VO 2peak

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T S Nilsen Department of Physical Performance, Norwegian School of Sports Sciences, Oslo, Norway

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L Thorsen Department of Oncology, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway

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C Kirkegaard Department of Physical Performance, Norwegian School of Sports Sciences, Oslo, Norway

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I Ugelstad Department of Physical Performance, Norwegian School of Sports Sciences, Oslo, Norway

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S D Fosså Department of Oncology, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway

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T Raastad Department of Physical Performance, Norwegian School of Sports Sciences, Oslo, Norway

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with a resistance equivalent to 80–90% of the patient's 10 RM load in 10 repetitions. All high-load sessions were performed under supervision. Patients in the CG were encouraged to maintain their current habitual activity level. Assessments All

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Dmitry M Davydov Laboratory of Neuroimmunopathology, Institute of General Pathology and Pathophysiology, Russian Academy of Medical Sciences, Moscow, Russia

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Malik K Nurbekov Laboratory of Sociogenomics, Moscow State Pedagogical University, Moscow, Russia

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a strong impact on body composition and physical activity in the general population and diabetic patients ( 32 , 33 , 34 , 35 , 36 ). FPG, but not HbA 1c , is mainly related to body composition (e.g., body weight, visceral fat area, body mass

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Liselot Koelman Department of Molecular Epidemiology, German Institute of Human Nutrition Potsdam-Rehbruecke (DIfE), Nuthetal, Germany
Institute of Nutritional Science, University of Potsdam, Potsdam, Germany

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Robin Reichmann Institute of Nutritional Science, University of Potsdam, Potsdam, Germany
Department of Epidemiological Methods and Etiological Research, Leibniz Institute for Prevention Research and Epidemiology – BIPS, Bremen, Germany

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Claudia Börnhorst Department of Biometry and Data Management, Leibniz Institute for Prevention Research and Epidemiology – BIPS, Bremen, Germany

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Matthias B Schulze Department of Molecular Epidemiology, German Institute of Human Nutrition Potsdam-Rehbruecke (DIfE), Nuthetal, Germany
Institute of Nutritional Science, University of Potsdam, Potsdam, Germany
German Center for Diabetes Research (DZD), Neuherberg, Germany

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Cornelia Weikert Department of Food Safety, German Federal Institute for Risk Assessment, Berlin, Germany
Institute for Social Medicine, Epidemiology and Health Economics, Charité University Medical Center, Berlin, Germany

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Ronald Biemann Institute of Laboratory Medicine, Clinical Chemistry and Molecular Diagnostics, University of Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany

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Berend Isermann Institute of Laboratory Medicine, Clinical Chemistry and Molecular Diagnostics, University of Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany

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Andreas Fritsche Division of Endocrinology, Diabetology, Nephrology, Vascular Disease and Clinical Chemistry, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany

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Krasimira Aleksandrova Department of Epidemiological Methods and Etiological Research, Leibniz Institute for Prevention Research and Epidemiology – BIPS, Bremen, Germany
Faculty of Human and Health Sciences, University of Bremen, Bremen, Germany

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influence of dietary and lifestyle factors on circulating chemerin has been scant. Several small trials investigated specific interventions for weight loss (hypocaloric diet and increased physical activity) in reducing chemerin levels ( 10 , 11 , 12 ). In

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Shin-ya Ueda Department of Acupuncture, Morinomiya University of Medical Sciences, Osaka, Japan

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Hidehiro Nakahara Department of Acupuncture, Morinomiya University of Medical Sciences, Osaka, Japan

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Eriko Kawai Department of Environmental Physiology for Exercise, Osaka City University Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka, Japan

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Tatsuya Usui Department of Elementary and Preschool Education, Osaka Seikei College, Osaka, Japan

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Shintaro Tsuji Department of Elementary and Preschool Education, Osaka Seikei College, Osaka, Japan

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Tadayoshi Miyamoto Department of Acupuncture, Morinomiya University of Medical Sciences, Osaka, Japan

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) participated in the water immersion (WI) challenge. Studies 1 and 2 recruited different subjects. Subjects were habitually active, but were not trained athletes, with most individuals typically participating in games and activities such as soccer, baseball and

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