Prishila Fookeerah
Prishila Fookeerah
Department of Diabetes and Endocrinology, Westmead Hospital, Sydney, Australia
School of Medicine, Western Sydney University, Sydney, Australia
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School of Medicine, Western Sydney University, Sydney, Australia
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Winny Varikatt
Winny Varikatt
Department of Tissue Pathology and Diagnostic Oncology, Westmead Hospital, Sydney, Australia
Westmead Clinical School, University of Sydney, Sydney, Australia
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Westmead Clinical School, University of Sydney, Sydney, Australia
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Meena Shingde
Meena Shingde
Department of Tissue Pathology and Diagnostic Oncology, Westmead Hospital, Sydney, Australia
Westmead Clinical School, University of Sydney, Sydney, Australia
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Westmead Clinical School, University of Sydney, Sydney, Australia
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Mark A J Dexter
Mark A J Dexter
Westmead Clinical School, University of Sydney, Sydney, Australia
Department of Neurosurgery, Westmead Hospital, Sydney, Australia
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Department of Neurosurgery, Westmead Hospital, Sydney, Australia
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Mark McLean
Mark McLean
Department of Diabetes and Endocrinology, Westmead Hospital, Sydney, Australia
School of Medicine, Western Sydney University, Sydney, Australia
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School of Medicine, Western Sydney University, Sydney, Australia
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. Conclusion We outline the clinicopathological features of a rare PitNET subtype co-expressing PIT1 and SF1. This subgroup of tumours often caused growth hormone excess clinically and highly expressed SSTR in our study. There was no evidence of tumour
Karim Gariani
Karim Gariani
Service of Endocrinology, Diabetes, Nutrition and Therapeutic Patient Education, Geneva University Hospitals and Geneva University, Geneva, Switzerland
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François R Jornayvaz
François R Jornayvaz
Service of Endocrinology, Diabetes, Nutrition and Therapeutic Patient Education, Geneva University Hospitals and Geneva University, Geneva, Switzerland
Diabetes Center, Faculty of Medicine, University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland
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Diabetes Center, Faculty of Medicine, University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland
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metabolism, the level of GH appears to be related to lipid accumulation in the liver. Deficiency or excess of GH appears to be associated with the risk of developing NAFLD. Adult growth hormone deficiency (GHD) is clinically characterized by decreased
T L C Wolters
T L C Wolters
Division of Endocrinology, Department of Internal Medicine, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
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C D C C van der Heijden
C D C C van der Heijden
Division of Experimental Internal Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
Division of Vascular Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
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Division of Vascular Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
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N van Leeuwen
N van Leeuwen
Department of Physiology, Radboud Institute for Health Sciences, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
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B T P Hijmans-Kersten
B T P Hijmans-Kersten
Department of Physiology, Radboud Institute for Health Sciences, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
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M G Netea
M G Netea
Division of Experimental Internal Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
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J W A Smit
J W A Smit
Division of Endocrinology, Department of Internal Medicine, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
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D H J Thijssen
D H J Thijssen
Department of Physiology, Radboud Institute for Health Sciences, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
Research Institute for Sport and Exercise Sciences, Liverpool John Moores University, Liverpool, UK
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Research Institute for Sport and Exercise Sciences, Liverpool John Moores University, Liverpool, UK
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A R M M Hermus
A R M M Hermus
Division of Endocrinology, Department of Internal Medicine, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
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N P Riksen
N P Riksen
Division of Vascular Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
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R T Netea-Maier
R T Netea-Maier
Division of Endocrinology, Department of Internal Medicine, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
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Introduction Acromegaly is caused by overproduction of growth hormone (GH), in most cases by a pituitary adenoma. GH in turn induces production of insulin-like growth factor 1 (IGF1) ( 1 ). Both GH and IGF1 have numerous metabolic and trophic
Adrian F Daly
Adrian F Daly
Department of Endocrinology, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire (CHU) de Liège, Liège Université, Domaine Universitaire du Sart-Tilman, Liège, Belgium
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Liliya Rostomyan
Liliya Rostomyan
Department of Endocrinology, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire (CHU) de Liège, Liège Université, Domaine Universitaire du Sart-Tilman, Liège, Belgium
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Daniela Betea
Daniela Betea
Department of Endocrinology, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire (CHU) de Liège, Liège Université, Domaine Universitaire du Sart-Tilman, Liège, Belgium
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Jean-François Bonneville
Jean-François Bonneville
Department of Endocrinology, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire (CHU) de Liège, Liège Université, Domaine Universitaire du Sart-Tilman, Liège, Belgium
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Chiara Villa
Chiara Villa
Department of Endocrinology, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire (CHU) de Liège, Liège Université, Domaine Universitaire du Sart-Tilman, Liège, Belgium
Department of Pathological Cytology and Anatomy, Foch Hospital, Paris, France
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Department of Pathological Cytology and Anatomy, Foch Hospital, Paris, France
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Natalia S Pellegata
Natalia S Pellegata
Institute for Diabetes and Cancer, Helmholtz Zentrum München, Neuherberg, Germany
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Beatrice Waser
Beatrice Waser
Division of Cell Biology and Experimental Cancer Research, Institute of Pathology, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
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Jean-Claude Reubi
Jean-Claude Reubi
Division of Cell Biology and Experimental Cancer Research, Institute of Pathology, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
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Catherine Waeber Stephan
Catherine Waeber Stephan
Clinique Générale Ste-Anne, Fribourg, Switzerland
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Emanuel Christ
Emanuel Christ
Department of Endocrinology, Diabetology and Metabolism, University Hospital Basel, University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland
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Albert Beckers
Albert Beckers
Department of Endocrinology, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire (CHU) de Liège, Liège Université, Domaine Universitaire du Sart-Tilman, Liège, Belgium
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Introduction Acromegaly is a rare, classical endocrine disorder that is due to chronic excess secretion of growth hormone (GH) and insulin-like growth factor 1 (IGF-1) that has a prevalence of 1 in 8000–14,000 of the population ( 1 , 2 , 3
Yiyan Wang
Yiyan Wang
Department of Anesthesiology, The Second Affiliated Hospital and Yuying Children’s Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang, China
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Yaoyao Dong
Yaoyao Dong
Department of Anesthesiology, The Second Affiliated Hospital and Yuying Children’s Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang, China
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Yinghui Fang
Yinghui Fang
Department of Anesthesiology, The Second Affiliated Hospital and Yuying Children’s Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang, China
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Yao Lv
Yao Lv
Department of Anesthesiology, The Second Affiliated Hospital and Yuying Children’s Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang, China
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Qiqi Zhu
Qiqi Zhu
Department of Anesthesiology, The Second Affiliated Hospital and Yuying Children’s Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang, China
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Xiaoheng Li
Xiaoheng Li
Department of Anesthesiology, The Second Affiliated Hospital and Yuying Children’s Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang, China
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Qingquan Lian
Qingquan Lian
Department of Anesthesiology, The Second Affiliated Hospital and Yuying Children’s Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang, China
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Ren-Shan Ge
Ren-Shan Ge
Department of Anesthesiology, The Second Affiliated Hospital and Yuying Children’s Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang, China
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DES induced an intrauterine growth restriction of pups in the placentas ( 6 ). However, the mechanism has not been fully elucidated. Figure 1 Chemical structure of cortisol and diethylstilbestrol. Glucocorticoid hormone is an inducing
Ana Podbregar
Ana Podbregar
Faculty of Medicine, University of Ljubljana, Ljubljana, Slovenia
University Rehabilitation Institute Republic of Slovenia, Ljubljana, Slovenia
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University Rehabilitation Institute Republic of Slovenia, Ljubljana, Slovenia
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Tomaž Kocjan
Tomaž Kocjan
Faculty of Medicine, University of Ljubljana, Ljubljana, Slovenia
Department of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolic Disease, University Medical Center Ljubljana, Ljubljana, Slovenia
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Department of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolic Disease, University Medical Center Ljubljana, Ljubljana, Slovenia
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Matej Rakuša
Matej Rakuša
Faculty of Medicine, University of Ljubljana, Ljubljana, Slovenia
Department of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolic Disease, University Medical Center Ljubljana, Ljubljana, Slovenia
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Department of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolic Disease, University Medical Center Ljubljana, Ljubljana, Slovenia
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Peter Popović
Peter Popović
Faculty of Medicine, University of Ljubljana, Ljubljana, Slovenia
Clinical Institute of Radiology, University Medical Center Ljubljana, Ljubljana, Slovenia
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Clinical Institute of Radiology, University Medical Center Ljubljana, Ljubljana, Slovenia
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Manca Garbajs
Manca Garbajs
Faculty of Medicine, University of Ljubljana, Ljubljana, Slovenia
Clinical Institute of Radiology, University Medical Center Ljubljana, Ljubljana, Slovenia
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Clinical Institute of Radiology, University Medical Center Ljubljana, Ljubljana, Slovenia
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Katja Goricar
Katja Goricar
Faculty of Medicine, Institute of Biochemistry, Pharmacogenetics Laboratory, University of Ljubljana, Ljubljana, Slovenia
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Andrej Janez
Andrej Janez
Faculty of Medicine, University of Ljubljana, Ljubljana, Slovenia
Department of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolic Disease, University Medical Center Ljubljana, Ljubljana, Slovenia
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Department of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolic Disease, University Medical Center Ljubljana, Ljubljana, Slovenia
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Mojca Jensterle
Mojca Jensterle
Faculty of Medicine, University of Ljubljana, Ljubljana, Slovenia
Department of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolic Disease, University Medical Center Ljubljana, Ljubljana, Slovenia
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Department of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolic Disease, University Medical Center Ljubljana, Ljubljana, Slovenia
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MACE, particularly demonstrated in overweight and obese subjects. However, the magnitudes of observed progressions in growth or hormonal activity were clinically insignificant. Our long-term follow-up, therefore, clearly supports the general view that
Anna-Pauliina Iivonen
Anna-Pauliina Iivonen
Institute of Biomedicine/Physiology, Biomedicum Helsinki, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
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Johanna Känsäkoski
Johanna Känsäkoski
Institute of Biomedicine/Physiology, Biomedicum Helsinki, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
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Atte Karppinen
Atte Karppinen
Department of Neurosurgery, Helsinki University Hospital, Helsinki, Finland
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Leena Kivipelto
Leena Kivipelto
Department of Neurosurgery, Helsinki University Hospital, Helsinki, Finland
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Camilla Schalin-Jäntti
Camilla Schalin-Jäntti
Department of Endocrinology, Abdominal Center, University of Helsinki and Helsinki University Hospital, Helsinki, Finland
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Auli Karhu
Auli Karhu
Department of Medical and Clinical Genetics, RPU, Biomedicum Helsinki, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
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Taneli Raivio
Taneli Raivio
Institute of Biomedicine/Physiology, Biomedicum Helsinki, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
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Introduction Somatic growth and final height are the sum of multiple factors: nutritional status, general health, hormones, psychosocial well-being as well as inherited and epigenetic factors. Short or tall stature and body proportions also
Werner F Blum
Werner F Blum
University Children’s Hospital, Giessen, Germany
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Abdullah Alherbish
Abdullah Alherbish
Al Habib Medical Group, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
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Afaf Alsagheir
Afaf Alsagheir
King Faisal Specialist Hospital and Research Center, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
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Ahmed El Awwa
Ahmed El Awwa
Department of Pediatric Endocrinology & Diabetes, Hamad Medical Center, Doha, Qatar
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Walid Kaplan
Walid Kaplan
Tawam Hospital, Al Ain, UAE
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Ekaterina Koledova
Ekaterina Koledova
Global Medical Affairs Endocrinology, Merck KGaA, Darmstadt, Germany
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Martin O Savage
Martin O Savage
William Harvey Research Institute, Barts and the London School of Medicine & Dentistry, London, UK
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Introduction The growth hormone (GH)–insulin-like growth factor (IGF)-I axis is the principle endocrine system regulating linear growth in children ( 1 ). Linked to the nutritional status of the individual, GH is a potent stimulator of IGF
Gudmundur Johannsson
Gudmundur Johannsson
Department of Internal Medicine and Clinical Nutrition, Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
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Martin Bidlingmaier
Martin Bidlingmaier
Medizinische Klinik und Poliklinik IV, Klinikum der Universität München, Munich, Germany
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Beverly M K Biller
Beverly M K Biller
Neuroendocrine Unit, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
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Margaret Boguszewski
Margaret Boguszewski
Federal University of Parana, Curitiba, Brazil
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Felipe F Casanueva
Felipe F Casanueva
Department of Medicine, Complejo Hospitalario Universitario de Santiago, Santiago de Compostela, Spain
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Philippe Chanson
Philippe Chanson
Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris, and Inserm, Paris, France
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Peter E Clayton
Peter E Clayton
Developmental Biology & Medicine, Faculty of Biology, Medicine & Health, University of Manchester, Manchester, UK
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Catherine S Choong
Catherine S Choong
Department of Endocrinology, Princess Margaret Hospital & School of Medicine, University of Western Australia, Western Australia, Australia
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David Clemmons
David Clemmons
Department of Medicine, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, USA
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Mehul Dattani
Mehul Dattani
Great Ormond Street Institute of Child Health, London, UK
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Jan Frystyk
Jan Frystyk
Department of Endocrinology, Odense University Hospital, Odense, Denmark
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Ken Ho
Ken Ho
Princess Alexandra Hospital and University of Queensland, Brisbane, Australia
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Andrew R Hoffman
Andrew R Hoffman
Department of Medicine, Stanford University and VA Palo Health Care System, Palo Alto, California, USA
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Reiko Horikawa
Reiko Horikawa
National Center for Child Health and Development, Tokyo, Japan
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Anders Juul
Anders Juul
Department of Growth and Reproduction, Rigshospitalet, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
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John J Kopchick
John J Kopchick
Edison Biotechnology Institute and Heritage College of Osteopathic Medicine, Ohio University, Athens, Ohio, USA
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Xiaoping Luo
Xiaoping Luo
Department of Pediatrics, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei, China
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Sebastian Neggers
Sebastian Neggers
Section of Endocrinology, Department of Medicine, Pituitary Centre Rotterdam, Erasmus University Medical Centre, Rotterdam, the Netherlands
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Irene Netchine
Irene Netchine
Service d’Explorations Fonctionnelles Endocriniennes, AP-HP, Hôpital Trousseau, Sorbonne Université, INSERM UMRs 938, Paris, France
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Daniel S Olsson
Daniel S Olsson
Department of Endocrinology, Institute of Medicine, Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg and Sahlgrenska University Hospital, Gothenburg, Sweden
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Sally Radovick
Sally Radovick
Rutgers University-Robert Wood Johnson Medical School, New Brunswick, New Jersey, USA
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Ron Rosenfeld
Ron Rosenfeld
Department of Pediatrics, Oregon Health Science University, Portland, Oregon, USA
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Richard J Ross
Richard J Ross
University of Sheffield, Sheffield, UK
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Katharina Schilbach
Katharina Schilbach
Medizinische Klinik und Poliklinik IV, Klinikum der Universität München, Munich, Germany
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Paulo Solberg
Paulo Solberg
Universidade do Estado do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
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Christian Strasburger
Christian Strasburger
Charité-Universitätsmedizin, Berlin, Germany
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Peter Trainer
Peter Trainer
The Christie NHS Foundation Trust, University of Manchester, Manchester, UK
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Kevin C J Yuen
Kevin C J Yuen
Barrow Pituitary Center, Barrow Neurological Institute, Department of Neuroendocrinology, University of Arizona College of Medicine, Phoenix, Arizona, USA
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Kerstin Wickstrom
Kerstin Wickstrom
Medical Products Agency, Uppsala, Sweden
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Jens O L Jorgensen
Jens O L Jorgensen
Aarhus University Hospital, Aarhus, Denmark
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on behalf of the Growth Hormone Research Society
on behalf of the Growth Hormone Research Society
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). The requirement for rigorous procedures utilizing biomarkers in drug development is evident and recognized ( 2 , 5 ). The obvious biomarkers of growth hormone (GH) action in children and adults are serum levels of GH itself and of insulin-like growth
Jose M Garcia
Jose M Garcia
GRECC VA Puget Sound HCS/University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, USA
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Beverly M K Biller
Beverly M K Biller
Massachusetts General Hospital, Neuroendocrine Unit, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
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Márta Korbonits
Márta Korbonits
Barts and the London School of Medicine, Queen Mary University of London, Endocrinology, London, UK
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Vera Popovic
Vera Popovic
University of Belgrade, Medical Faculty, Belgrade, Serbia
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Anton Luger
Anton Luger
Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Medical University, General Hospital, Vienna, Austria
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Christian J Strasburger
Christian J Strasburger
Charité-Universitätsmedizin, Clinical Endocrinology CCM, Berlin, Germany
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Philippe Chanson
Philippe Chanson
Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris, Hôpital de Bicêtre, Service d’Endocrinologie et des Maladies de la Reproduction, Centre de Référence des Maladies Rares de l’Hypophyse, and Université Paris-Saclay, Univ. Paris-Sud, Inserm, Signalisation Hormonale, Physiopathologie Endocrinienne et Métabolique, Le Kremlin-Bicêtre, France
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Ronald Swerdloff
Ronald Swerdloff
The Lundquist Institute at Harbor-UCLA Medical Center, Torrance, California, USA
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Christina Wang
Christina Wang
The Lundquist Institute at Harbor-UCLA Medical Center, Torrance, California, USA
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Rosa Rosanna Fleming
Rosa Rosanna Fleming
Strongbridge Biopharma, Trevose, Pennsylvania, USA
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Fredric Cohen
Fredric Cohen
Strongbridge Biopharma, Trevose, Pennsylvania, USA
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Nicola Ammer
Nicola Ammer
Aeterna Zentaris GmbH, Frankfurt, Hessen, Germany
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Gilbert Mueller
Gilbert Mueller
Aeterna Zentaris GmbH, Frankfurt, Hessen, Germany
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Nicky Kelepouris
Nicky Kelepouris
Novo Nordisk Inc., Plainsboro, New Jersey, USA
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Frank Strobl
Frank Strobl
Novo Nordisk Inc., Plainsboro, New Jersey, USA
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Vlady Ostrow
Vlady Ostrow
Novo Nordisk Inc., Plainsboro, New Jersey, USA
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Kevin C J Yuen
Kevin C J Yuen
University of Arizona College of Medicine and Creighton School of Medicine, Barrow Pituitary Center, Barrow Neurological Institute, Phoenix, Arizona, USA
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Introduction Adult growth hormone deficiency (AGHD) is a clinical syndrome characterized by abnormal body composition, unfavorable cardiovascular risk, cardiac dysfunction, decreased bone mineral density, and glucose intolerance ( 1 , 2
