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Anne-Sophie C A M Koning Division of Endocrinology, Department of Medicine, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands
Einthoven Laboratory for Experimental Vascular Medicine, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands

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Philippe C Habets Division of Endocrinology, Department of Medicine, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands
Einthoven Laboratory for Experimental Vascular Medicine, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands

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Marit Bogaards Division of Endocrinology, Department of Medicine, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands
Einthoven Laboratory for Experimental Vascular Medicine, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands

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Jan Kroon Division of Endocrinology, Department of Medicine, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands
Einthoven Laboratory for Experimental Vascular Medicine, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands

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Hanneke M van Santen Department of Pediatric Endocrinology, Wilhelmina Children’s Hospital, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, The Netherlands
Department of Pediatric Neuro-Oncology, Prinses Máxima Centrum, Utrecht, The Netherlands

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Judith M de Bont Department of Pediatric Neuro-Oncology, Prinses Máxima Centrum, Utrecht, The Netherlands

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Onno C Meijer Division of Endocrinology, Department of Medicine, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands
Einthoven Laboratory for Experimental Vascular Medicine, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands

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study the biological mechanisms of action that underlie them, and this might help to decrease these adverse effects during glucocorticoid therapy. Synthetic glucocorticoids target the glucocorticoid receptor (GR), one of the two receptor types for the

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Fernando Aprile-Garcia Instituto de Investigación en Biomedicina de Buenos Aires – CONICET, Departamento de Fisiología, Partner Institute of the Max Planck Society, Buenos Aires, Argentina
Instituto de Investigación en Biomedicina de Buenos Aires – CONICET, Departamento de Fisiología, Partner Institute of the Max Planck Society, Buenos Aires, Argentina

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María Antunica-Noguerol Instituto de Investigación en Biomedicina de Buenos Aires – CONICET, Departamento de Fisiología, Partner Institute of the Max Planck Society, Buenos Aires, Argentina
Instituto de Investigación en Biomedicina de Buenos Aires – CONICET, Departamento de Fisiología, Partner Institute of the Max Planck Society, Buenos Aires, Argentina

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Maia Ludmila Budziñski Instituto de Investigación en Biomedicina de Buenos Aires – CONICET, Departamento de Fisiología, Partner Institute of the Max Planck Society, Buenos Aires, Argentina

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Ana C Liberman Instituto de Investigación en Biomedicina de Buenos Aires – CONICET, Departamento de Fisiología, Partner Institute of the Max Planck Society, Buenos Aires, Argentina

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Eduardo Arzt Instituto de Investigación en Biomedicina de Buenos Aires – CONICET, Departamento de Fisiología, Partner Institute of the Max Planck Society, Buenos Aires, Argentina
Instituto de Investigación en Biomedicina de Buenos Aires – CONICET, Departamento de Fisiología, Partner Institute of the Max Planck Society, Buenos Aires, Argentina

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action during inflammation (23, 24) . GCs exert their biological effects binding to the glucocorticoid receptor (GR), which is a ligand-activated TF that regulates the expression of target genes, either positively or negatively (18, 25) . In an

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Kathrin Zopf Department of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Nutrition, Charité – Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, and Berlin Institute of Health, Berlin, Germany

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Kathrin R Frey Department of Medicine I, Endocrine and Diabetes Unit, University Hospital, University of Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany

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Tina Kienitz Department of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Nutrition, Charité – Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, and Berlin Institute of Health, Berlin, Germany

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Manfred Ventz Department of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Nutrition, Charité – Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, and Berlin Institute of Health, Berlin, Germany

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Britta Bauer Endocrinology in Charlottenburg, Berlin, Germany

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Marcus Quinkler Endocrinology in Charlottenburg, Berlin, Germany

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Introduction Polymorphisms of the glucocorticoid receptor (GR) may influence the sensitivity to glucocorticoids by altering the GR expression (e.g. reducing transcription) and influencing transactivation and transrepression of target genes

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Legh Wilkinson Department of Biochemistry, Stellenbosch University, Stellenbosch, South Africa

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Nicolette J D Verhoog Department of Biochemistry, Stellenbosch University, Stellenbosch, South Africa

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Ann Louw Department of Biochemistry, Stellenbosch University, Stellenbosch, South Africa

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signalling, often resulting in various peripheral effects, one of which is the tissue-specific reductions in the glucocorticoid receptor α (GRα) functional pool. This reduction in the GRα functional pool may ultimately drive the development of acquired GC

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R A M Quax Departments of Internal Medicine, Immunology, St John's Hospital, Department of Medicine, Department of Ophthalmology, Academic Unit of Ophthalmology, Department of Oral Medicine, University Hospital, Department of Ophthalmology, Department of Rheumatology, Erasmus MC, University Medical Center, 's-Gravendijkwal 230, 3015 CE Rotterdam, The Netherlands

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J A M van Laar Departments of Internal Medicine, Immunology, St John's Hospital, Department of Medicine, Department of Ophthalmology, Academic Unit of Ophthalmology, Department of Oral Medicine, University Hospital, Department of Ophthalmology, Department of Rheumatology, Erasmus MC, University Medical Center, 's-Gravendijkwal 230, 3015 CE Rotterdam, The Netherlands

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R van Heerebeek Departments of Internal Medicine, Immunology, St John's Hospital, Department of Medicine, Department of Ophthalmology, Academic Unit of Ophthalmology, Department of Oral Medicine, University Hospital, Department of Ophthalmology, Department of Rheumatology, Erasmus MC, University Medical Center, 's-Gravendijkwal 230, 3015 CE Rotterdam, The Netherlands

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K Greiner Departments of Internal Medicine, Immunology, St John's Hospital, Department of Medicine, Department of Ophthalmology, Academic Unit of Ophthalmology, Department of Oral Medicine, University Hospital, Department of Ophthalmology, Department of Rheumatology, Erasmus MC, University Medical Center, 's-Gravendijkwal 230, 3015 CE Rotterdam, The Netherlands

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E Ben-Chetrit Departments of Internal Medicine, Immunology, St John's Hospital, Department of Medicine, Department of Ophthalmology, Academic Unit of Ophthalmology, Department of Oral Medicine, University Hospital, Department of Ophthalmology, Department of Rheumatology, Erasmus MC, University Medical Center, 's-Gravendijkwal 230, 3015 CE Rotterdam, The Netherlands

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M Stanford Departments of Internal Medicine, Immunology, St John's Hospital, Department of Medicine, Department of Ophthalmology, Academic Unit of Ophthalmology, Department of Oral Medicine, University Hospital, Department of Ophthalmology, Department of Rheumatology, Erasmus MC, University Medical Center, 's-Gravendijkwal 230, 3015 CE Rotterdam, The Netherlands

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G R Wallace Departments of Internal Medicine, Immunology, St John's Hospital, Department of Medicine, Department of Ophthalmology, Academic Unit of Ophthalmology, Department of Oral Medicine, University Hospital, Department of Ophthalmology, Department of Rheumatology, Erasmus MC, University Medical Center, 's-Gravendijkwal 230, 3015 CE Rotterdam, The Netherlands

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F Fortune Departments of Internal Medicine, Immunology, St John's Hospital, Department of Medicine, Department of Ophthalmology, Academic Unit of Ophthalmology, Department of Oral Medicine, University Hospital, Department of Ophthalmology, Department of Rheumatology, Erasmus MC, University Medical Center, 's-Gravendijkwal 230, 3015 CE Rotterdam, The Netherlands

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M Ghabra Departments of Internal Medicine, Immunology, St John's Hospital, Department of Medicine, Department of Ophthalmology, Academic Unit of Ophthalmology, Department of Oral Medicine, University Hospital, Department of Ophthalmology, Department of Rheumatology, Erasmus MC, University Medical Center, 's-Gravendijkwal 230, 3015 CE Rotterdam, The Netherlands

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M Soylu Departments of Internal Medicine, Immunology, St John's Hospital, Department of Medicine, Department of Ophthalmology, Academic Unit of Ophthalmology, Department of Oral Medicine, University Hospital, Department of Ophthalmology, Department of Rheumatology, Erasmus MC, University Medical Center, 's-Gravendijkwal 230, 3015 CE Rotterdam, The Netherlands

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J M W Hazes Departments of Internal Medicine, Immunology, St John's Hospital, Department of Medicine, Department of Ophthalmology, Academic Unit of Ophthalmology, Department of Oral Medicine, University Hospital, Department of Ophthalmology, Department of Rheumatology, Erasmus MC, University Medical Center, 's-Gravendijkwal 230, 3015 CE Rotterdam, The Netherlands

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S W J Lamberts Departments of Internal Medicine, Immunology, St John's Hospital, Department of Medicine, Department of Ophthalmology, Academic Unit of Ophthalmology, Department of Oral Medicine, University Hospital, Department of Ophthalmology, Department of Rheumatology, Erasmus MC, University Medical Center, 's-Gravendijkwal 230, 3015 CE Rotterdam, The Netherlands

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J H Kappen Departments of Internal Medicine, Immunology, St John's Hospital, Department of Medicine, Department of Ophthalmology, Academic Unit of Ophthalmology, Department of Oral Medicine, University Hospital, Department of Ophthalmology, Department of Rheumatology, Erasmus MC, University Medical Center, 's-Gravendijkwal 230, 3015 CE Rotterdam, The Netherlands

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P M van Hagen Departments of Internal Medicine, Immunology, St John's Hospital, Department of Medicine, Department of Ophthalmology, Academic Unit of Ophthalmology, Department of Oral Medicine, University Hospital, Department of Ophthalmology, Department of Rheumatology, Erasmus MC, University Medical Center, 's-Gravendijkwal 230, 3015 CE Rotterdam, The Netherlands

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J W Koper Departments of Internal Medicine, Immunology, St John's Hospital, Department of Medicine, Department of Ophthalmology, Academic Unit of Ophthalmology, Department of Oral Medicine, University Hospital, Department of Ophthalmology, Department of Rheumatology, Erasmus MC, University Medical Center, 's-Gravendijkwal 230, 3015 CE Rotterdam, The Netherlands

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R A Feelders Departments of Internal Medicine, Immunology, St John's Hospital, Department of Medicine, Department of Ophthalmology, Academic Unit of Ophthalmology, Department of Oral Medicine, University Hospital, Department of Ophthalmology, Department of Rheumatology, Erasmus MC, University Medical Center, 's-Gravendijkwal 230, 3015 CE Rotterdam, The Netherlands

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dysfunctional humoral immune response. In general, BD might be regarded an immune-mediated inflammatory disease. Glucocorticoids (GC) play a key role in mediating a balanced inflammatory response. GCs exert their effects via interaction with the GC receptor (GR

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Alexander V Amram Department of Physiology, Cardiovascular Research Institute, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, California, USA
Eli and Edythe Broad Center for Regeneration Medicine and Stem Cell Research, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, California, USA

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Stephen Cutie Department of Physiology, Cardiovascular Research Institute, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, California, USA
Eli and Edythe Broad Center for Regeneration Medicine and Stem Cell Research, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, California, USA

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Guo N Huang Department of Physiology, Cardiovascular Research Institute, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, California, USA
Eli and Edythe Broad Center for Regeneration Medicine and Stem Cell Research, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, California, USA

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pituitary gland, which bind tissue-specific isoforms of their cognate receptor, the glucocorticoid receptor (GR), and activate cell-specific stress–response pathways ( 46 ). The primary forms of glucocorticoids in humans and rodents are cortisol and

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Janko Sattler Adrenal Steroid Group, ANZAC Research Institute, University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia
Department of Rheumatology and Clinical Immunology, Charité-University Medicine, Berlin, Germany

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Jinwen Tu Adrenal Steroid Group, ANZAC Research Institute, University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia
Bone Research Program, ANZAC Research Institute, University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia
Concord Clinical School, The University of Sydney, Sydney, Australia

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Shihani Stoner Bone Research Program, ANZAC Research Institute, University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia

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Jingbao Li Bone Research Program, ANZAC Research Institute, University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia
Key Laboratory for Space Bioscience and Biotechnology, Institute of Special Environmental Biophysics, School of Life Sciences, Northwestern Polytechnical University, Shaanxi, China

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Frank Buttgereit Department of Rheumatology and Clinical Immunology, Charité-University Medicine, Berlin, Germany

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Markus J Seibel Bone Research Program, ANZAC Research Institute, University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia
Concord Clinical School, The University of Sydney, Sydney, Australia
Department of Endocrinology & Metabolism, Concord Hospital, Sydney, Australia

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Hong Zhou Bone Research Program, ANZAC Research Institute, University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia
Concord Clinical School, The University of Sydney, Sydney, Australia

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Mark S Cooper Adrenal Steroid Group, ANZAC Research Institute, University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia
Concord Clinical School, The University of Sydney, Sydney, Australia
Department of Endocrinology & Metabolism, Concord Hospital, Sydney, Australia

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then blocked with 5% goat serum for 30 min and incubated overnight with the primary antibody for 11β-HSD1 (1:100, Cayman Chemicals) and glucocorticoid receptor (GR) (1:400, sc-1004, Santa Cruz Biotechnology). A biotinylated secondary antibody was

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Brijesh Krishnappa Department of Endocrinology, K E M Hospital and Seth G S Medical College, Mumbai, India

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Ravikumar Shah Department of Endocrinology, K E M Hospital and Seth G S Medical College, Mumbai, India

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Saba Samad Memon Department of Endocrinology, K E M Hospital and Seth G S Medical College, Mumbai, India

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Chakra Diwaker Department of Endocrinology, K E M Hospital and Seth G S Medical College, Mumbai, India

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Anurag R Lila Department of Endocrinology, K E M Hospital and Seth G S Medical College, Mumbai, India

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Virendra A Patil Department of Endocrinology, K E M Hospital and Seth G S Medical College, Mumbai, India

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Nalini S Shah Department of Endocrinology, K E M Hospital and Seth G S Medical College, Mumbai, India

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Tushar R Bandgar Department of Endocrinology, K E M Hospital and Seth G S Medical College, Mumbai, India

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M Burmester GR Cutolo M Jacobs J Kirwan J Köhler L Riel Van P Vischer T et al . Standardised nomenclature for glucocorticoid dosages and glucocorticoid treatment regimens: current questions and tentative answers in rheumatology

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Marcus Quinkler Endocrinology in Charlottenburg, Berlin, Germany

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Bertil Ekman Departments of Endocrinology and Medical and Health Sciences, Linköping University, Linköping, Sweden

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Claudio Marelli Shire International GmbH, Zug, Switzerland

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Sharif Uddin Shire, Lexington, Massachusetts, USA

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Pierre Zelissen Department of Internal Medicine and Endocrinology, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, the Netherlands

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Robert D Murray Department of Endocrinology, Leeds Teaching Hospitals NHS Trust, St James’s University Hospital, Leeds, UK

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on behalf of the EU-AIR Investigators
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development of corticosteroid side effects between patients ( 7 ). Interestingly, when the endogenous glucocorticoid, cortisol (hydrocortisone), is compared with prednisolone at the isolated human glucocorticoid receptor (GR), the transactivation activity of

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Sylvia Thiele Department of Medicine III, Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden, Germany
Center for Healthy Aging, Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden, Germany

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Anke Hannemann Institute of Clinical Chemistry and Laboratory Medicine, University Medicine Greifswald, Greifswald, Germany

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Maria Winzer Department of Medicine III, Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden, Germany
Center for Healthy Aging, Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden, Germany

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Ulrike Baschant Department of Medicine III, Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden, Germany
Center for Healthy Aging, Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden, Germany

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Heike Weidner Department of Medicine III, Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden, Germany
Center for Healthy Aging, Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden, Germany

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Matthias Nauck Institute of Clinical Chemistry and Laboratory Medicine, University Medicine Greifswald, Greifswald, Germany

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Rajesh V Thakker Academic Endocrine Unit, Radcliffe Department of Medicine University of Oxford, Oxford Centre for Diabetes, Endocrinology, and Metabolism, Churchill Hospital, Oxford, UK

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Martin Bornhäuser Department of Medicine I, Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden, Germany
DFG Research Center and Cluster of Excellence for Regenerative Therapies, Technical University, Dresden, Germany

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Lorenz C Hofbauer Department of Medicine III, Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden, Germany
Center for Healthy Aging, Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden, Germany
DFG Research Center and Cluster of Excellence for Regenerative Therapies, Technical University, Dresden, Germany

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Martina Rauner Department of Medicine III, Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden, Germany
Center for Healthy Aging, Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden, Germany

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). Figure 4 Sclerostin ( SOST ) expression depends on the presence of the glucocorticoid receptor (GR). The GR was overexpressed in human mesenchymal stromal cells (HMSCs) using pCMX-HA-hGRalpha and then left untreated or treated with dexamethasone (DEX

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