I Azzam
I Azzam
Institute of Endocrinology, Metabolism and Hypertension, Tel Aviv-Sourasky Medical Center, Tel Aviv, Israel
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S Gilad
S Gilad
Institute of Endocrinology, Metabolism and Hypertension, Tel Aviv-Sourasky Medical Center, Tel Aviv, Israel
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R Limor
R Limor
Institute of Endocrinology, Metabolism and Hypertension, Tel Aviv-Sourasky Medical Center, Tel Aviv, Israel
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N Stern
N Stern
Institute of Endocrinology, Metabolism and Hypertension, Tel Aviv-Sourasky Medical Center, Tel Aviv, Israel
Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel
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Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel
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Y Greenman
Y Greenman
Institute of Endocrinology, Metabolism and Hypertension, Tel Aviv-Sourasky Medical Center, Tel Aviv, Israel
Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel
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Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel
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Introduction Ghrelin is a major regulator of food intake, energy balance and body weight ( 1 ). The active form of ghrelin, acyl-ghrelin, is the endogenous ligand for the growth hormone secretagogue receptor (GHSR)1a ( 2 ). Since its cloning
Metin Guclu
Metin Guclu
Health Sciences University, Bursa Yuksek Ihtisas Education and Training Hospital, Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Bursa, Turkey
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Sinem Kiyici
Sinem Kiyici
Health Sciences University, Bursa Yuksek Ihtisas Education and Training Hospital, Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Bursa, Turkey
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Zulfiye Gul
Zulfiye Gul
Department of Pharmacology, Uludag University Medical Faculty, Bursa, Turkey
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Sinan Cavun
Sinan Cavun
Department of Pharmacology, Uludag University Medical Faculty, Bursa, Turkey
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mechanism of how GLP-1 agonists promote weight loss is not clearly understood. Ghrelin, which is a potent gut–brain orexigenic peptide, plays an important role in the stimulation of food intake and long-term regulation of body weight ( 6 , 7
Caishun Zhang
Caishun Zhang
Special Medicine Department, College of Basic Medicine, Qingdao University, Qingdao, China
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Junhua Yuan
Junhua Yuan
Special Medicine Department, College of Basic Medicine, Qingdao University, Qingdao, China
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Qian Lin
Qian Lin
Special Medicine Department, College of Basic Medicine, Qingdao University, Qingdao, China
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Manwen Li
Manwen Li
Special Medicine Department, College of Basic Medicine, Qingdao University, Qingdao, China
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Liuxin Wang
Liuxin Wang
Hyperbaric Oxygen Therapy Department, Yuhuangding Hospital Affiliated to Qingdao University, Yantai, China
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Rui Wang
Rui Wang
Special Medicine Department, College of Basic Medicine, Qingdao University, Qingdao, China
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Xi Chen
Xi Chen
Physiology Department, College of Basic Medicine, Qingdao University, Qingdao, China
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Zhengyao Jiang
Zhengyao Jiang
Physiology Department, College of Basic Medicine, Qingdao University, Qingdao, China
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Kun Zhu
Kun Zhu
Intensive Care Unit Department, Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University, Qingdao, China
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Xiaoli Chang
Xiaoli Chang
Institute of Acupuncture, Shandong University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Jinan, China
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Bin Wang
Bin Wang
Special Medicine Department, College of Basic Medicine, Qingdao University, Qingdao, China
Medical Microbiology Department, College of Basic Medicine, Qingdao University, Qingdao, China
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Medical Microbiology Department, College of Basic Medicine, Qingdao University, Qingdao, China
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Jing Dong
Jing Dong
Special Medicine Department, College of Basic Medicine, Qingdao University, Qingdao, China
Physiology Department, College of Basic Medicine, Qingdao University, Qingdao, China
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Physiology Department, College of Basic Medicine, Qingdao University, Qingdao, China
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Introduction Ghrelin is a 28 amino acids acylated peptide, which was first discovered as an endogenous natural ligand for the growth hormone secretagogue receptor(GHSR) 1α by Kojima et al . in 1999 ( 1 ). Ghrelin was first described to
Jiaxi Li
Jiaxi Li
Department of Physiology, Xiangya School of Medicine, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China
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Pu Huang
Pu Huang
Department of Health Management Center, Changsha Central Hospital, University of South China, Changsha, Hunan, China
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Jing Xiong
Jing Xiong
Department of Endocrinology, Xiangya Third Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China
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Xinyue Liang
Xinyue Liang
Department of Physiology, Xiangya School of Medicine, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China
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Mei Li
Mei Li
Department of Physiology, Xiangya School of Medicine, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China
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Hao Ke
Hao Ke
Department of Physiology, Xiangya School of Medicine, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China
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Chunli Chen
Chunli Chen
Department of Dermatology, Xiangya Third Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China
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Yang Han
Yang Han
Department of Physiology, Xiangya School of Medicine, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China
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Yanhong Huang
Yanhong Huang
Department of Physiology, Xiangya School of Medicine, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China
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Yan Zhou
Yan Zhou
Department of Physiology, Xiangya School of Medicine, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China
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Ziqiang Luo
Ziqiang Luo
Department of Physiology, Xiangya School of Medicine, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China
Hunan Key Laboratory of Organ Fibrosis, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China
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Hunan Key Laboratory of Organ Fibrosis, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China
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Dandan Feng
Dandan Feng
Department of Physiology, Xiangya School of Medicine, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China
Hunan Key Laboratory of Organ Fibrosis, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China
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Hunan Key Laboratory of Organ Fibrosis, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China
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Chen Chen
Chen Chen
School of Biomedical Sciences, University of Queensland, St Lucia, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
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Introduction Ghrelin is a gastrointestinal tract-derived hormone containing 28 amino acids. It was first discovered in 1999 as an endogenous growth hormone secretagogue (GHS) to promote the secretion of GH ( 1 ). According to its acylation
Mardia López-Alarcón
Mardia López-Alarcón
Unidad de Investigación Médica en Nutrición, Hospital de Pediatría, Centro Médico Nacional Siglo XXI, Instituto Mexicano del Seguro Social, México, Mexico
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Jessie N Zurita-Cruz
Jessie N Zurita-Cruz
Unidad de Investigación Médica en Nutrición, Hospital de Pediatría, Centro Médico Nacional Siglo XXI, Instituto Mexicano del Seguro Social, México, Mexico
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Alonso Torres-Rodríguez
Alonso Torres-Rodríguez
Escuela Española de Desarrollo Transpersonal, Madrid, España
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Karla Bedia-Mejía
Karla Bedia-Mejía
Unidad de Investigación Médica en Nutrición, Hospital de Pediatría, Centro Médico Nacional Siglo XXI, Instituto Mexicano del Seguro Social, México, Mexico
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Manuel Pérez-Güemez
Manuel Pérez-Güemez
Unidad de Investigación Médica en Nutrición, Hospital de Pediatría, Centro Médico Nacional Siglo XXI, Instituto Mexicano del Seguro Social, México, Mexico
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Leonel Jaramillo-Villanueva
Leonel Jaramillo-Villanueva
Departamento de Psiquiatría, Hospital de Pediatría, Centro Médico Nacional Siglo XXI, Instituto Mexicano del Seguro Social, México, Mexico
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Mario E Rendón-Macías
Mario E Rendón-Macías
Universidad Panamericana, Facultad de Ciencias de la Salud, Escuela de Medicina, México, Mexico
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Jose R Fernández
Jose R Fernández
Departments of Nutrition Sciences and Biostatistics, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama, USA
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Patricia Martínez-Maroñas
Patricia Martínez-Maroñas
Escuela Española de Desarrollo Transpersonal, Madrid, España
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stress, mindfulness may affect cortisol ( 11 ), which secondarily may affect some hormones involved in appetite regulation such as insulin ( 12 ), leptin and ghrelin ( 13 ). However, the results of these investigations are controversial ( 7 , 8 , 9
Esben Thyssen Vestergaard
Esben Thyssen Vestergaard
Medical Research Laboratories, Department of Endocrinology and Diabetes, Department of Pediatrics, Department of Endocrinology and Diabetes, Institute of Clinical Medicine, Aarhus University, Norrebrogade 44, DK-8000 Aarhus C, Denmark
Medical Research Laboratories, Department of Endocrinology and Diabetes, Department of Pediatrics, Department of Endocrinology and Diabetes, Institute of Clinical Medicine, Aarhus University, Norrebrogade 44, DK-8000 Aarhus C, Denmark
Medical Research Laboratories, Department of Endocrinology and Diabetes, Department of Pediatrics, Department of Endocrinology and Diabetes, Institute of Clinical Medicine, Aarhus University, Norrebrogade 44, DK-8000 Aarhus C, Denmark
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Medical Research Laboratories, Department of Endocrinology and Diabetes, Department of Pediatrics, Department of Endocrinology and Diabetes, Institute of Clinical Medicine, Aarhus University, Norrebrogade 44, DK-8000 Aarhus C, Denmark
Medical Research Laboratories, Department of Endocrinology and Diabetes, Department of Pediatrics, Department of Endocrinology and Diabetes, Institute of Clinical Medicine, Aarhus University, Norrebrogade 44, DK-8000 Aarhus C, Denmark
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Morten B Krag
Morten B Krag
Medical Research Laboratories, Department of Endocrinology and Diabetes, Department of Pediatrics, Department of Endocrinology and Diabetes, Institute of Clinical Medicine, Aarhus University, Norrebrogade 44, DK-8000 Aarhus C, Denmark
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Morten M Poulsen
Morten M Poulsen
Medical Research Laboratories, Department of Endocrinology and Diabetes, Department of Pediatrics, Department of Endocrinology and Diabetes, Institute of Clinical Medicine, Aarhus University, Norrebrogade 44, DK-8000 Aarhus C, Denmark
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Steen B Pedersen
Steen B Pedersen
Medical Research Laboratories, Department of Endocrinology and Diabetes, Department of Pediatrics, Department of Endocrinology and Diabetes, Institute of Clinical Medicine, Aarhus University, Norrebrogade 44, DK-8000 Aarhus C, Denmark
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Niels Moller
Niels Moller
Medical Research Laboratories, Department of Endocrinology and Diabetes, Department of Pediatrics, Department of Endocrinology and Diabetes, Institute of Clinical Medicine, Aarhus University, Norrebrogade 44, DK-8000 Aarhus C, Denmark
Medical Research Laboratories, Department of Endocrinology and Diabetes, Department of Pediatrics, Department of Endocrinology and Diabetes, Institute of Clinical Medicine, Aarhus University, Norrebrogade 44, DK-8000 Aarhus C, Denmark
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Medical Research Laboratories, Department of Endocrinology and Diabetes, Department of Pediatrics, Department of Endocrinology and Diabetes, Institute of Clinical Medicine, Aarhus University, Norrebrogade 44, DK-8000 Aarhus C, Denmark
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Jens Otto Lunde Jorgensen
Jens Otto Lunde Jorgensen
Medical Research Laboratories, Department of Endocrinology and Diabetes, Department of Pediatrics, Department of Endocrinology and Diabetes, Institute of Clinical Medicine, Aarhus University, Norrebrogade 44, DK-8000 Aarhus C, Denmark
Medical Research Laboratories, Department of Endocrinology and Diabetes, Department of Pediatrics, Department of Endocrinology and Diabetes, Institute of Clinical Medicine, Aarhus University, Norrebrogade 44, DK-8000 Aarhus C, Denmark
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Medical Research Laboratories, Department of Endocrinology and Diabetes, Department of Pediatrics, Department of Endocrinology and Diabetes, Institute of Clinical Medicine, Aarhus University, Norrebrogade 44, DK-8000 Aarhus C, Denmark
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Niels Jessen
Niels Jessen
Medical Research Laboratories, Department of Endocrinology and Diabetes, Department of Pediatrics, Department of Endocrinology and Diabetes, Institute of Clinical Medicine, Aarhus University, Norrebrogade 44, DK-8000 Aarhus C, Denmark
Medical Research Laboratories, Department of Endocrinology and Diabetes, Department of Pediatrics, Department of Endocrinology and Diabetes, Institute of Clinical Medicine, Aarhus University, Norrebrogade 44, DK-8000 Aarhus C, Denmark
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Medical Research Laboratories, Department of Endocrinology and Diabetes, Department of Pediatrics, Department of Endocrinology and Diabetes, Institute of Clinical Medicine, Aarhus University, Norrebrogade 44, DK-8000 Aarhus C, Denmark
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Introduction GH release from the pituitary gland is considered to be regulated at the hypothalamic level by GH releasing hormone (GHRH) and somatostatin (1) . More recently, ghrelin, an endogenous ligand of the GH secretagogue receptor (GHS-R), has
Roxanne C S van Adrichem
Roxanne C S van Adrichem
Department of Internal Medicine, Sector of Endocrinology, ENETS Centre of Excellence for Neuroendocrine Tumors, Erasmus MC, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
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Aart Jan van der Lely
Aart Jan van der Lely
Department of Internal Medicine, Erasmus MC, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
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Martin Huisman
Martin Huisman
Department of Internal Medicine, Erasmus MC, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
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Piet Kramer
Piet Kramer
Department of Internal Medicine, Erasmus MC, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
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Richard A Feelders
Richard A Feelders
Department of Internal Medicine, Sector of Endocrinology, ENETS Centre of Excellence for Neuroendocrine Tumors, Erasmus MC, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
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Patric J D Delhanty
Patric J D Delhanty
Department of Internal Medicine, Erasmus MC, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
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Wouter W de Herder
Wouter W de Herder
Department of Internal Medicine, Sector of Endocrinology, ENETS Centre of Excellence for Neuroendocrine Tumors, Erasmus MC, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
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Introduction Ghrelin is a gut–brain hormone that is produced predominantly by gastric X/A-like neuroendocrine cells ( 1 , 2 ). Ghrelin exists in two forms: acylated ghrelin (AG) and unacylated ghrelin (UAG). About 50% of circulating ghrelin
H Vlaardingerbroek
H Vlaardingerbroek
Department of Pediatrics, Subdivision of Endocrinology, Erasmus University Medical Center-Sophia Children’s Hospital, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
Willem-Alexander Children’s Hospital, Department of Pediatrics, Division of Endocrinology, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands
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Willem-Alexander Children’s Hospital, Department of Pediatrics, Division of Endocrinology, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands
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E L T van den Akker
E L T van den Akker
Department of Pediatrics, Subdivision of Endocrinology, Erasmus University Medical Center-Sophia Children’s Hospital, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
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A C S Hokken-Koelega
A C S Hokken-Koelega
Department of Pediatrics, Subdivision of Endocrinology, Erasmus University Medical Center-Sophia Children’s Hospital, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
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. Figure 1 Neuroendocrine factors and interactions in the hypothalamus. In the gastrointestinal tract, multiple neuroendocrine hormones are produced. Ghrelin is the only gut hormone that stimulates feeding. Other hormones, including cholecystokinin (CCK
Peiwen Zheng
Peiwen Zheng
School of Mental Health, Wenzhou Medical University, The Affiliated Kangning Hospital, Wenzhou, China
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Fan Wang
Fan Wang
Beijing Hui-Long-Guan Hospital, Peking University, Beijing, China
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Hui Li
Hui Li
Psychosomatic Medicine Research Division, Inner Mongolia Medical University, Huhhot, China
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Hanlu Chen
Hanlu Chen
School of Mental Health, Wenzhou Medical University, The Affiliated Kangning Hospital, Wenzhou, China
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Mengtong Li
Mengtong Li
School of Mental Health, Wenzhou Medical University, The Affiliated Kangning Hospital, Wenzhou, China
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Haozheng Ma
Haozheng Ma
School of Mental Health, Wenzhou Medical University, The Affiliated Kangning Hospital, Wenzhou, China
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Jue He
Jue He
School of Mental Health, Wenzhou Medical University, The Affiliated Kangning Hospital, Wenzhou, China
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Li Chen
Li Chen
School of Mental Health, Wenzhou Medical University, The Affiliated Kangning Hospital, Wenzhou, China
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Yanlong Liu
Yanlong Liu
School of Mental Health, Wenzhou Medical University, The Affiliated Kangning Hospital, Wenzhou, China
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Haiyun Xu
Haiyun Xu
School of Mental Health, Wenzhou Medical University, The Affiliated Kangning Hospital, Wenzhou, China
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). In the present study, we compared AS and NS in levels of adiponectin, ghrelin, leptin, and orexin A in their CSF, in addition to demographic data and BMI of the two groups. All these hormones are involved in energy balance in humans. We also measured
Cheryl M Isherwood
Cheryl M Isherwood
Section of Chronobiology, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Surrey, Guildford, United Kingdom
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M Denise Robertson
M Denise Robertson
Section of Metabolic Medicine, Food and Macronutrients, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Surrey, Guildford, United Kingdom
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Debra J Skene
Debra J Skene
Section of Chronobiology, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Surrey, Guildford, United Kingdom
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Jonathan D Johnston
Jonathan D Johnston
Section of Chronobiology, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Surrey, Guildford, United Kingdom
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the functional link between pancreatic clocks, insulin secretion and T2D ( 20 , 21 ). In addition, obesity has been associated with reduced amplitude in the daily rhythms of circulating hormones, such as leptin ( 22 ) and ghrelin ( 23 ). Reduced
