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Jakob Kirkegård Department of Clinical Epidemiology, Aarhus University Hospital, Aarhus N, Denmark
Department of Surgery (Section for Upper Gastrointestinal and Hepatico-Pancreatico-Biliary Surgery), Aarhus University Hospital, Aarhus N, Denmark

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Dora Körmendiné Farkas Department of Clinical Epidemiology, Aarhus University Hospital, Aarhus N, Denmark

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Jens Otto Lunde Jørgensen Department of Endocrinology, Aarhus University Hospital, Aarhus N, Denmark

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Deirdre P Cronin-Fenton Department of Clinical Epidemiology, Aarhus University Hospital, Aarhus N, Denmark

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receptors in the gastrointestinal epithelium ( 3 ). Despite this, information on the association of hyperthyroid or hypothyroid disease with gastrointestinal cancer incidence is sparse. A cohort study of more than 7000 women revealed a higher incidence of

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Kaili Yang Department of Medical Oncology, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China

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Jiarui Li Department of Gastrointestinal Oncology, Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis and Translational Research (Ministry of Education), Peking University Cancer Hospital and Institute, Beijing, China

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Yuejuan Cheng Department of Medical Oncology, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China

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Chunmei Bai Department of Medical Oncology, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China

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decades. The classification system of GEP-NENs has been continuously updated, and the National Cancer Institute (NCI) has made key recommendations on the design of NEN clinical trials in 2011 ( 4 , 15 , 16 ). However, a previous study still reported

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Bettina Winzeler Department of Endocrinology, Diabetology and Metabolismus, University Hospital Basel, Basel, Switzerland
Department Clinical Research, University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland

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Michelle Steinmetz Department of Endocrinology, Diabetology and Metabolismus, University Hospital Basel, Basel, Switzerland
Department Clinical Research, University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland

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Julie Refardt Department of Endocrinology, Diabetology and Metabolismus, University Hospital Basel, Basel, Switzerland
Department Clinical Research, University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland

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Nicole Cesana-Nigro Department of Endocrinology and Diabetology, Bürgerspital Solothurn, Solothurn, Switzerland

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Milica Popovic Department of Endocrinology, Diabetology and Metabolismus, University Hospital Basel, Basel, Switzerland
Department Clinical Research, University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland

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Wiebke Fenske Department of Endocrinology and Nephrology, University of Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany
Leipzig University Medical Center, IFB Adiposity Diseases, Leipzig, Germany

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Mirjam Christ-Crain Department of Endocrinology, Diabetology and Metabolismus, University Hospital Basel, Basel, Switzerland
Department Clinical Research, University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland

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the severity of hyponatremia according to the inclusion criteria: serum sodium <135 mmol/l in the German and <125 mmol/l in the Swiss study. The high number of gastrointestinal and hematologic cancers in German patients with less pronounced

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Meihua Jin Department of Internal Medicine, Asan Medical Center, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea

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Woo Kyung Lee Laboratory of Molecular Biology, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, USA

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Mi-Hyeon You Asan Institute of Life Science, Asan Medical Center, Seoul, Korea

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Ahreum Jang Department of Internal Medicine, Asan Medical Center, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea

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Sheue-yann Cheng Laboratory of Molecular Biology, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, USA

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Won Gu Kim Department of Internal Medicine, Asan Medical Center, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea

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Min Ji Jeon Department of Internal Medicine, Asan Medical Center, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea

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Yu-Mi Lee Department of Surgery, Asan Medical Center, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea

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also seen in renal cell cancer, prostate cancer, and gastrointestinal cancers, including hepatocellular carcinoma, cholangiocarcinoma, and gastric cancer ( 13 , 15 , 23 , 24 , 25 ). Functional experimental studies have been conducted in other

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Michael Ulm University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, Tennessee, USA
West Cancer Center, Memphis, Tennessee, USA

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Arvind V Ramesh White Station High School, Memphis, Tennessee, USA

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Keely M McNamara Tohoku University, Miyagi, Japan

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Suriyan Ponnusamy University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, Tennessee, USA

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Hironobu Sasano Tohoku University, Miyagi, Japan

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Ramesh Narayanan University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, Tennessee, USA
West Cancer Center, Memphis, Tennessee, USA

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Introduction As a class, hormone-dependent cancers, including cancers of the breast, prostate and ovaries, contribute to the majority of cancer incidences in the United States and around the world. Over 400,000 men and women were affected by

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E T Aristizabal Prada Department of Internal Medicine IV, Campus Grosshadern, University-Hospital, Ludwig-Maximilians-University of Munich, Munich, Germany

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C J Auernhammer Department of Internal Medicine IV, Campus Grosshadern, University-Hospital, Ludwig-Maximilians-University of Munich, Munich, Germany

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K Meyer T. Hallmarks of gastrointestinal neuroendocrine tumours: implications for treatment . Endocrine-Related Cancer 2014 21 R445 – R460 . ( https://doi.org/10.1530/ERC-14-0106 ) 10.1530/ERC-14-0106) 10 Kidd M Drozdov I

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Josephina G Kuiper PHARMO Institute for Drug Outcomes Research, AE Utrecht, Netherlands
Department of Public Health, Erasmus University Medical Center, Rotterdam, Netherlands

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Aline C Fenneman Department of Clinical and Experimental Vascular Medicine, Amsterdam Cardiovascular Sciences (ACS), Amsterdam UMC, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, Netherlands
Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Amsterdam Gastroenterology Endocrinology Metabolism (AGEM), Amsterdam UMC, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, Netherlands

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Anne H van der Spek Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Amsterdam Gastroenterology Endocrinology Metabolism (AGEM), Amsterdam UMC, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, Netherlands

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Elena Rampanelli Department of Clinical and Experimental Vascular Medicine, Amsterdam Cardiovascular Sciences (ACS), Amsterdam UMC, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, Netherlands

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Max Nieuwdorp Department of Clinical and Experimental Vascular Medicine, Amsterdam Cardiovascular Sciences (ACS), Amsterdam UMC, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, Netherlands
Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Amsterdam Gastroenterology Endocrinology Metabolism (AGEM), Amsterdam UMC, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, Netherlands

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Myrthe P P van Herk-Sukel Department of Internal Medicine and Dermatology, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, Netherlands

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Valery E P P Lemmens Department of Public Health, Erasmus University Medical Center, Rotterdam, Netherlands
Netherlands Comprehensive Cancer Organisation, Utrecht, Netherlands

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Ernst J Kuipers Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Erasmus University Medical Center, Rotterdam, Netherlands

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Ron M C Herings PHARMO Institute for Drug Outcomes Research, AE Utrecht, Netherlands
Department of Epidemiology and Data Science, Amsterdam UMC, Amsterdam, Netherlands

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Eric Fliers Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Amsterdam Gastroenterology Endocrinology Metabolism (AGEM), Amsterdam UMC, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, Netherlands

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.nivel.nl/nl/nivel-zorgregistraties-eerste-lijn/jaarcijfers-aandoeningen-incidenties-en-prevalenties ). Treatment of primary hypothyroidism consists of hormone substitution therapy with daily oral administration of the synthetic thyroid hormone levothyroxine. The majority of levothyroxine is absorbed in the upper gastrointestinal tract, ranging from 40 to 80

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Malgorzata Fuksiewicz Laboratory of Tumor Markers, Department of Pathology and Laboratory Diagnostics, The Maria Sklodowska-Curie National Research Institute of Oncology, Warsaw, Poland

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Maria Kowalska Laboratory of Tumor Markers, Department of Pathology and Laboratory Diagnostics, The Maria Sklodowska-Curie National Research Institute of Oncology, Warsaw, Poland

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Agnieszka Kolasinska-Cwikla Department of Oncology and Radiotherapy, The Maria Sklodowska-Curie National Research Institute of Oncology, Warsaw, Poland

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Beata Kotowicz Laboratory of Tumor Markers, Department of Pathology and Laboratory Diagnostics, The Maria Sklodowska-Curie National Research Institute of Oncology, Warsaw, Poland

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prostate cancer may be associated with a component of neuroendocrine cells in adenocarcinoma or with the initiated process of transformation of cancer cells in the neuroendocrine direction. Elevated NSE levels are among the unfavourable prognostic factors

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Luchuan Li Department of Thyroid Surgery, General Surgery, Qilu Hospital of Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong, China

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Baoyuan Li Department of Thyroid Surgery, The Affiliated Yantai Yuhuangding Hospital of Qingdao University, Yantai, Shandong, China

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Bin Lv Department of Thyroid Surgery, General Surgery, Qilu Hospital of Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong, China

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Weili Liang Department of Thyroid Surgery, General Surgery, Qilu Hospital of Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong, China

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Binbin Zhang Department of Thyroid Surgery, General Surgery, Qilu Hospital of Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong, China

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Qingdong Zeng Department of Thyroid Surgery, General Surgery, Qilu Hospital of Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong, China

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Andrew G Turner Clinical and Health Sciences, University of South Australia, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia

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Lei Sheng Department of Thyroid Surgery, General Surgery, Qilu Hospital of Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong, China

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. Serum calcium and risk of gastrointestinal cancer in the Swedish AMORIS study . BMC Public Health 2013 13 663. ( https://doi.org/10.1186/1471-2458-13-663 ) 28 Emami A Nazem MR Shekarriz R Hedayati M . Micronutrient status (calcium, zinc

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Giuseppe Lisco Interdisciplinary Department of Medicine, Section of Internal Medicine, Geriatrics, Endocrinology and Rare Diseases, School of Medicine, University of Bari “Aldo Moro”, Piazza Giulio Cesare, Bari, Italy

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Anna De Tullio Interdisciplinary Department of Medicine, Section of Internal Medicine, Geriatrics, Endocrinology and Rare Diseases, School of Medicine, University of Bari “Aldo Moro”, Piazza Giulio Cesare, Bari, Italy

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Olga Disoteo Diabetology Unit, ASST Grande Ospedale Metropolitano Niguarda, Milan, Italy

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Giuseppina Piazzolla Interdisciplinary Department of Medicine, Section of Internal Medicine, Geriatrics, Endocrinology and Rare Diseases, School of Medicine, University of Bari “Aldo Moro”, Piazza Giulio Cesare, Bari, Italy

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Edoardo Guastamacchia Interdisciplinary Department of Medicine, Section of Internal Medicine, Geriatrics, Endocrinology and Rare Diseases, School of Medicine, University of Bari “Aldo Moro”, Piazza Giulio Cesare, Bari, Italy

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Carlo Sabbà Interdisciplinary Department of Medicine, Section of Internal Medicine, Geriatrics, Endocrinology and Rare Diseases, School of Medicine, University of Bari “Aldo Moro”, Piazza Giulio Cesare, Bari, Italy

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Vincenzo De Geronimo Unit of Endocrinology, Policlinico Morgagni CCD, Catania, Italy

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Enrico Papini Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Regina Apostolorum Hospital, Rome, Italy

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Vincenzo Triggiani Interdisciplinary Department of Medicine, Section of Internal Medicine, Geriatrics, Endocrinology and Rare Diseases, School of Medicine, University of Bari “Aldo Moro”, Piazza Giulio Cesare, Bari, Italy

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with T2D (and obesity). Gastrointestinal signs and symptoms are usually the leading adverse events that may occur during the treatment. These encompass nausea, abdominal pain or discomfort, vomiting, stypsis, or diarrhea. Less frequently, pancreatitis

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