Department of Clinical Medicine, Aalborg University, Aalborg, Denmark
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Department of Geriatrics, Aalborg University Hospital, Aalborg, Denmark
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hyperthyroidism in pregnancy with a focus on the underlying mechanisms and different exposures associated with the disease (hyperthyroidism per se , antithyroid drug treatment, and thyroid autoimmunity). We describe the hypothesis of fetal programming by maternal
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Table 1 , previous studies ( 15 , 16 , 17 , 18 , 19 , 20 , 21 , 22 , 23 , 24 , 25 , 26 , 27 ) have indicated that the thyroid state and energy expenditure (EE) can be programmed by fetal and early-life nutrition. The majority of these studies
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IUGR and pre-eclampsia (37, 38, 39) . The potentially compromised cholesterol transport due to fetal programming may potentially contribute to later life vascular disease and atherosclerosis in these infants (40) . As previously mentioned, by 3 months
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Center for Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine and University Hospital Cologne, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany
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Center for Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine and University Hospital Cologne, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany
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Center for Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine and University Hospital Cologne, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany
Center for Molecular Medicine Cologne (CMMC), University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany
Cologne Center for Musculoskeletal Biomechanics (CCMB), Cologne, Germany
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adipokines, such as leptin, adiponectin or resistin are increasingly found in blood and placenta as pregnancy progresses ( 7 ). High concentrations of adipokines have also been detected in the umbilical blood suggesting an important role in fetal development
Division of Biomedical Information Analysis, Iwate Tohoku Medical Megabank Organization, Disaster Reconstruction Center, Iwate Medical University, Yahaba, Japan
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Faculty of Health Science, Bukkyo University, Kyoto, Japan
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metabolic symptoms agree with the thrifty phenotype hypothesis that an adverse intrauterine environment such as caloric restriction induces developmental programming of the fetal hypothalamus and peripheral organs, altering the fetal metabolic and hormonal
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Faculty of Pharmacy, School of PhD Studies, Ss. Cyril and Methodius University, Skopje, Macedonia
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Center for Health Decision Science, Department of Health Policy and Management, Harvard Chan School of Public Health, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
Department of Radiology, Institute for Technology Assessment, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
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iodine deficiency cause annual healthcare costs of more than one billion Euros in Germany ( 7 ). Universal salt iodization (USI) programs are commonly used to prevent iodine deficiency and its consequences. In the year 1994, the WHO and UNICEF Joint
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Bioinformatics Research Center, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, North Carolina, USA
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Center for Human Health and the Environment, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, North Carolina, USA
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Center for Human Health and the Environment, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, North Carolina, USA
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organ: the role of the placenta in fetal programming. Environmental Health Perspectives 2016 124 A124 – A129 . ( https://doi.org/10.1289/ehp.124-A230 ) 14 Goeden N Velasquez J Arnold KA Chan Y Lund BT Anderson GM Bonnin A . Maternal
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Department of Psychiatry, VU University Medical Center, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
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fetal hypothalamic–pituitary–adrenal (HPA) axis, which are protective in the short term, but might pose a risk in the long term ( 3 ). The development of the fetal HPA axis is, among other factors, influenced by the placental transfer of maternal GCs
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studies have shown that birth weight may even be related to the risk of chronic non-communicable diseases during adulthood ( 1 ). Small for gestational age (SGA), which reflects fetal intrauterine growth restriction, is a major risk factor for perinatal
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and fetal ‘programming’ of adult pathophysiology . Nature Clinical Practice: Endocrinology and Metabolism 2007 3 . ( https://doi.org/10.1038/ncpendmet0515 ) 11 Holmes MC Abrahamsen CT French KL Paterson JM Mullins JJ Seckl JR . The