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in LDL metabolism ( 5 , 6 , 7 ). A recent study in children with untreated familial hypercholesterolemia (FH) has shown that plasma concentration of IDOL was elevated and was significantly associated with total and LDL cholesterol levels ( 8
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activation of multiple targets of HIF1α. SDHx germline pathological variants are a major cause of familial disease, and SDHB accounts for about 10% of familial cases and has a relatively high risk of metastasis. Genetic testing regimes are in place
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review also identified a significant positive correlation between tendon thickness and cholesterol among healthy individuals, in two of the three studies that reported these data. In individuals with familial hypercholesterolemia, there is a strong
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gland, and its activation induces LH and FSH secretion ( 5 ). GNRHR mutations explain about 3.5–16% of sporadic cases and up to 40% of familial cases of nCHH ( 6 ). Inheritance is autosomal recessive and patients usually have homozygous or compound
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concomitant prescription of antidiabetic or lipid-lowering medications, and (iv) compliance with blood tests and dietary instructions. Exclusion criteria were as follows: (i) patients with familial hypercholesterolemia, chronic kidney disease, hypothyroidism
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. ( https://doi.org/10.1159/000488028 ) 22 Wald DS Bestwick JP Morris JK Whyte K Jenkins L & Wald NJ . Child-parent familial hypercholesterolemia screening in primary care . New England Journal of Medicine 2016 375 1628 – 1637 . ( https
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, possibly through a polygenic/multifactorial inheritance ( 27 , 28 , 29 , 30 ). For example, in a larger cohort of women from Iceland, the familial clustering of endometriosis is evident even beyond first-degree relatives ( 31 ). The key genes that
MRC Epidemiology Unit, Department of Epidemiology and Department of Internal Medicine, University of Cambridge School of Clinical Medicine, Institute of Metabolic Science, Cambridge Biomedical Campus, Addenbrooke's Hospital, Post Box 285, Cambridge CB2 0QQ, UK
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. ( doi:10.1038/ng.520 ). 15 Besseling J Kastelein JJ Defesche JC Hutten BA Hovingh GK . Association between familial hypercholesterolemia and prevalence of type 2 diabetes mellitus . Journal of the American Medical Association 2015 313