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might be one of the contributing factors for the weight loss effect of exenatide. It was reported that exenatide, which is a long acting GLP-1 agonist, reduced serum ghrelin levels in fasting rats ( 9 ), and exenatide treatment caused prolonged
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Liraglutide and Exenatide (a synthetic version of Exendin-4), with extended half-life and resistance to DDP-IV enzymatic degradation. Interestingly, GLP-1R is present on various types of cells, among which include cancer cells ( 7 , 8 ). The high mortality
Center for Clinical Metabolic Research, Gentofte Hospital, University of Copenhagen, Hellerup, Denmark
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Center for Clinical Metabolic Research, Gentofte Hospital, University of Copenhagen, Hellerup, Denmark
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Center for Clinical Metabolic Research, Gentofte Hospital, University of Copenhagen, Hellerup, Denmark
Department of Clinical Medicine, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Basic Metabolic Research, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
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Center for Clinical Metabolic Research, Gentofte Hospital, University of Copenhagen, Hellerup, Denmark
Department of Clinical Medicine, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
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). The figure illustrates GLP-1 (7–36) amide. Currently available GLP-1RAs The first GLP-1RA for the treatment of T2D, exenatide twice daily, was approved by the United States Food and Drug Administration (FDA) in 2005. Since then, several
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patients with T2DM A cohort study ( 35 ) ⇔ – 36 patients with idiopathic nephrolithiasis RCT ( 36 ) Rosiglitazone ↓ Δ 0.4 ± 1.4 mg/dL 16 patients with T2DM RCT ( 25 ) GLP-1 RA Exenatide ⇔ – 36 patients with T2
Department of Endocrinology and Internal Medicine, Novo Nordisk A/S, NNF center for Basic Metabolic Research, Department of Clinical Biochemistry, Department of Clinical Physiology and Molecular Imaging, Department of Clinical Medicine, Aarhus University Hospital, Norrebrogade 44, DK-8000 Aarhus, Denmark
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Department of Endocrinology and Internal Medicine, Novo Nordisk A/S, NNF center for Basic Metabolic Research, Department of Clinical Biochemistry, Department of Clinical Physiology and Molecular Imaging, Department of Clinical Medicine, Aarhus University Hospital, Norrebrogade 44, DK-8000 Aarhus, Denmark
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Ussher JR Drucker DJ . Cardiovascular biology of the incretin system . Endocrine Reviews 2012 33 187 – 215 . ( doi:10.1210/er.2011-1052 ). 2 Robinson LE Holt TA Rees K Randeva HS O'Hare JP . Effects of exenatide and liraglutide on heart rate, blood
Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Diabetology, Guangzhou, China
Department of Ultrasound, Sun Yat-Sen Memorial Hospital, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, China
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Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Diabetology, Guangzhou, China
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Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Diabetology, Guangzhou, China
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observed the glucose-independent effects on renal endpoint. In microalbuminuria patients with T2DM, treatment with exenatide reduced the urinary excretion of TGFβ1 and type IV collagen independent of glucose-lowering as compared to the glimepiride treatment
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postmarketing surveillance have revealed an increase in the incidence of thyroid carcinomas in patients taking exenatide, thus highlighting a safety issue for the GLP-1RA. The specific concern was to understand better if the increase in the incident discovery of
Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
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Department of Internal Medicine, Endocrine Unit, Herlev Gentofte Hospital, Herlev, Denmark
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Department of Internal Medicine, Endocrine Unit, Herlev Gentofte Hospital, Herlev, Denmark
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Department of Internal Medicine, Endocrine Unit, Herlev Gentofte Hospital, Herlev, Denmark
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Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
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and murine blood incubated with the GLP-1 analog exenatide have been found to have reduced in vitro thrombus formation ( 44 ). Arterial thrombus formation decreased in mice treated with i.v. exenatide, suggesting GLP-1 analogs to reduce platelet
Faculty of Medicine, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
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Faculty of Medicine, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
Metabolic and Renal Research Group, Faculty of Health Sciences, UiT- The Arctic University of Norway, Tromsø
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, the antiproteinuric effect is more pronounced with GLP-1 RAs. Renal outcomes were included in six out of the major GLP-1 RAs studies on cardiovascular outcome (CVOT): lixisenatide (ELIXA), liraglutide (LEADER), semaglutide (SUSTAIN-6), exenatide
Department of Endocrinology and Diabetes, Pakistan Kidney and Liver Institute and Research Centre, Knowledge City, Lahore, Pakistan
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Division of Bone Diseases, Geneva University Hospitals and Faculty of Medicine, University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland
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treatment with exenatide resulted in reductions in serum ICAM-1, p-selectin and e-selectin, although no pronounced changes were seen in endothelial function ( 25 ). Empagliflozin is a sodium-glucose cotransporter 2 (SGLT-2) inhibitor used in the treatment