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Introduction Sex steroids are important for the maintenance of healthy skin. Based on studies on older women, sex steroids in skin regulate the collagen content and the synthesis of hyaluronic acid ( 1 ). Estrogen-conjugated cream applied to
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into two distinct types: Type I is estrogen-dependent and derived from endometrial hyperplasia owing to overexposure of estrogen, which occurs more frequently in young women and is related to obesity, early age at menarche, nulliparity, late
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Background Triple-negative breast cancer (TNBC) is negative for estrogen receptor (ER), progesterone receptor (PR) and human epidermal growth receptor 2 (HER-2), and accounts for 15–20% of all breast cancers ( 1 ). Due to this lack of the
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Division of Hematology and Oncology, Department of Medicine, University of California, San Francisco, California, USA
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Department of Radiology and Biomedical Imaging, University of California, San Francisco, California, USA
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Department of Pathology, University of California, San Francisco, California, USA
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Division of Hematology and Oncology, Department of Medicine, University of California, San Francisco, California, USA
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Division of Hematology and Oncology, Department of Medicine, University of California, San Francisco, California, USA
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studies have sought to evaluate the expression of estrogen receptors (ERs) and progesterone receptors (PRs) in colorectal tumor cells, results have been mixed. Earlier studies reported that 20–90% of CRC tumors express ER and PR ( 19 , 20 , 21 ); however
Division of Reproductive & Developmental Sciences, Oregon National Primate Research Center, Beaverton, Oregon, USA
Department of Behavioral Neuroscience, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, Oregon, USA
Department of Physiology & Pharmacology, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, Oregon, USA
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Division of Reproductive & Developmental Sciences, Oregon National Primate Research Center, Beaverton, Oregon, USA
Department of Obstetrics & Gynecology, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, Oregon, USA
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Introduction Like elderly women, old female rhesus macaques show a marked decline in circulating E concentrations ( 1 ), and several monkey studies have demonstrated the therapeutic potential of E or a selective estrogen receptor modulator
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Institute for Regenerative Medicine, Sechenov University, Moscow, Russian Federation
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Introduction Estrogen signaling is mediated via two nuclear and one membranous estrogen receptors (ER). Nuclear receptors ER alpha and beta (ESR1 and ESR2) are activated by the binding of specific ligands, followed by the activation of gene
Sahlgrenska Osteoporosis Centre, Center for Bone and Arthritis Research (CBAR), Department of Internal Medicine and Clinical Nutrition, Institute of Medicine, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
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Sahlgrenska Osteoporosis Centre, Center for Bone and Arthritis Research (CBAR), Department of Internal Medicine and Clinical Nutrition, Institute of Medicine, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
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Sahlgrenska Osteoporosis Centre, Center for Bone and Arthritis Research (CBAR), Department of Internal Medicine and Clinical Nutrition, Institute of Medicine, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
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Department of Endocrinology, Skaraborg Central Hospital, Skövde, Sweden
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estrogens E1 and E2. In addition, testosterone can be metabolized to the highly potent androgen DHT by 5α-reductase ( 1 , 5 ). However, a more comprehensive description of the complex metabolism of steroids in the brain can be found elsewhere ( 6 ). Sex
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Laboratório de Fisiologia Endócrina Doris Rosenthal, Instituto de Biofísica Carlos Chagas Filho, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
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function that is linked to decreased estradiol production. In this context, estrogens are used for hormone therapy to prevent the development of metabolic disorders ( 2 , 3 ). It has been shown that although estrogen hormone replacement therapy has many
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Diabeter, National Diabetes Care and Research Center, Rotterdam, the Netherlands
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Introduction Girls with hypogonadism require estrogen replacement therapy to induce puberty and maintain secondary sex characteristics, as well as to attain peak bone mass. These outcomes are achieved by starting with a low estradiol (E 2
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, has gradually increased recently ( 1 , 2 ). In patients with breast cancer, abnormalities occur in estrogen metabolism, in particular in the level of estrogen and their metabolites. Hydroxylation of the carbon atoms at positions 2, 4, and 16 of the