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Masatada Watanabe Laboratory of Tissue Regeneration, Hoshi University School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Shinagawa, Tokyo, Japan

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Shuji Ohno Division of Research for Pharmacy Students Education, Hoshi University, Shinagawa, Tokyo, Japan

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Hiroshi Wachi Laboratory of Tissue Regeneration, Hoshi University School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Shinagawa, Tokyo, Japan

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Introduction Sex steroids are important for the maintenance of healthy skin. Based on studies on older women, sex steroids in skin regulate the collagen content and the synthesis of hyaluronic acid ( 1 ). Estrogen-conjugated cream applied to

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Qi Che Reproductive Medicine Center, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China

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Xirong Xiao Department of Obstetrics, Obstetrics and Gynecology Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China

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Jun Xu Reproductive Medicine Center, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China

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Miao Liu Reproductive Medicine Center, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China

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Yongning Lu Reproductive Medicine Center, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China

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Suying Liu Reproductive Medicine Center, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China

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Xi Dong Reproductive Medicine Center, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China

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into two distinct types: Type I is estrogen-dependent and derived from endometrial hyperplasia owing to overexposure of estrogen, which occurs more frequently in young women and is related to obesity, early age at menarche, nulliparity, late

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Shuang Ye Department of Physiology, Zhongshan School of Medicine, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, China

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Yuanyuan Xu Department of Physiology, Zhongshan School of Medicine, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, China

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Jiehao Li Department of Physiology, Zhongshan School of Medicine, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, China

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Shuhui Zheng Research Center for Translational Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, China

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Peng Sun Department of Pathology, Sun Yat-Sen University Cancer Center, State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China, Collaborative Innovation Center for Cancer Medicine, Guangzhou, China

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Tinghuai Wang Department of Physiology, Zhongshan School of Medicine, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, China

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Background Triple-negative breast cancer (TNBC) is negative for estrogen receptor (ER), progesterone receptor (PR) and human epidermal growth receptor 2 (HER-2), and accounts for 15–20% of all breast cancers ( 1 ). Due to this lack of the

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Jordyn Silverstein Helen Diller Family Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of California, San Francisco, California, USA

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Wesley Kidder Helen Diller Family Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of California, San Francisco, California, USA
Division of Hematology and Oncology, Department of Medicine, University of California, San Francisco, California, USA

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Susan Fisher Department of Obstetrics, Gynecology and Reproductive Sciences, University of California, San Francisco, California, USA

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Thomas A Hope Helen Diller Family Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of California, San Francisco, California, USA
Department of Radiology and Biomedical Imaging, University of California, San Francisco, California, USA

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Samantha Maisel Helen Diller Family Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of California, San Francisco, California, USA

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Dianna Ng Helen Diller Family Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of California, San Francisco, California, USA
Department of Pathology, University of California, San Francisco, California, USA

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Jessica Van Ziffle Department of Pathology, University of California, San Francisco, California, USA

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Chloe E Atreya Helen Diller Family Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of California, San Francisco, California, USA
Division of Hematology and Oncology, Department of Medicine, University of California, San Francisco, California, USA

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Katherine Van Loon Helen Diller Family Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of California, San Francisco, California, USA
Division of Hematology and Oncology, Department of Medicine, University of California, San Francisco, California, USA

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studies have sought to evaluate the expression of estrogen receptors (ERs) and progesterone receptors (PRs) in colorectal tumor cells, results have been mixed. Earlier studies reported that 20–90% of CRC tumors express ER and PR ( 19 , 20 , 21 ); however

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Henryk F Urbanski Division of Neuroscience, Oregon National Primate Research Center, Beaverton, Oregon, USA
Division of Reproductive & Developmental Sciences, Oregon National Primate Research Center, Beaverton, Oregon, USA
Department of Behavioral Neuroscience, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, Oregon, USA
Department of Physiology & Pharmacology, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, Oregon, USA

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Kevin Mueller Division of Reproductive & Developmental Sciences, Oregon National Primate Research Center, Beaverton, Oregon, USA

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Cynthia L Bethea Division of Neuroscience, Oregon National Primate Research Center, Beaverton, Oregon, USA
Division of Reproductive & Developmental Sciences, Oregon National Primate Research Center, Beaverton, Oregon, USA
Department of Obstetrics & Gynecology, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, Oregon, USA

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Introduction Like elderly women, old female rhesus macaques show a marked decline in circulating E concentrations ( 1 ), and several monkey studies have demonstrated the therapeutic potential of E or a selective estrogen receptor modulator

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Maryam Iravani Department of Women’s and Children’s Health, Karolinska Institutet and Pediatric Endocrinology Unit, Karolinska University Hospital, Solna, Sweden

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Marie K Lagerquist Center of Bone and Arthritis Research, Institute of Medicine, Sahlgrenska Academy at University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden

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Elham Karimian Department of Women’s and Children’s Health, Karolinska Institutet and Pediatric Endocrinology Unit, Karolinska University Hospital, Solna, Sweden

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Andrei S Chagin Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Karolinska Institutet, Solna, Sweden
Institute for Regenerative Medicine, Sechenov University, Moscow, Russian Federation

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Claes Ohlsson Center of Bone and Arthritis Research, Institute of Medicine, Sahlgrenska Academy at University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden

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Lars Sävendahl Department of Women’s and Children’s Health, Karolinska Institutet and Pediatric Endocrinology Unit, Karolinska University Hospital, Solna, Sweden

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Introduction Estrogen signaling is mediated via two nuclear and one membranous estrogen receptors (ER). Nuclear receptors ER alpha and beta (ESR1 and ESR2) are activated by the binding of specific ligands, followed by the activation of gene

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Henrik Ryberg Department of Clinical Chemistry, Sahlgrenska University Hospital, Gothenburg, Sweden
Sahlgrenska Osteoporosis Centre, Center for Bone and Arthritis Research (CBAR), Department of Internal Medicine and Clinical Nutrition, Institute of Medicine, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden

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Anna-Karin Norlén Department of Clinical Chemistry, Sahlgrenska University Hospital, Gothenburg, Sweden
Sahlgrenska Osteoporosis Centre, Center for Bone and Arthritis Research (CBAR), Department of Internal Medicine and Clinical Nutrition, Institute of Medicine, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden

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Andreas Landin Department of Clinical Chemistry, Sahlgrenska University Hospital, Gothenburg, Sweden
Sahlgrenska Osteoporosis Centre, Center for Bone and Arthritis Research (CBAR), Department of Internal Medicine and Clinical Nutrition, Institute of Medicine, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden

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Per Johansson Sahlgrenska Osteoporosis Centre, Center for Bone and Arthritis Research (CBAR), Department of Internal Medicine and Clinical Nutrition, Institute of Medicine, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden

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Zeinab Salman Sahlgrenska Osteoporosis Centre, Center for Bone and Arthritis Research (CBAR), Department of Internal Medicine and Clinical Nutrition, Institute of Medicine, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden

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Anders Wallin Department of Psychiatry and Neurochemistry, Institute of Neuroscience and Physiology, Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, Mölndal, Sweden

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Johan Svensson Sahlgrenska Osteoporosis Centre, Center for Bone and Arthritis Research (CBAR), Department of Internal Medicine and Clinical Nutrition, Institute of Medicine, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
Department of Endocrinology, Skaraborg Central Hospital, Skövde, Sweden

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Claes Ohlsson Sahlgrenska Osteoporosis Centre, Center for Bone and Arthritis Research (CBAR), Department of Internal Medicine and Clinical Nutrition, Institute of Medicine, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden

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estrogens E1 and E2. In addition, testosterone can be metabolized to the highly potent androgen DHT by 5α-reductase ( 1 , 5 ). However, a more comprehensive description of the complex metabolism of steroids in the brain can be found elsewhere ( 6 ). Sex

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Clarissa Souza Barthem Laboratório de Adaptações Metabólicas, Programa de Bioquímica e Biofísica Celular, Instituto de Bioquímica Médica Leopoldo de Meis, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil

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Camila Lüdke Rossetti Laboratório de Adaptações Metabólicas, Programa de Bioquímica e Biofísica Celular, Instituto de Bioquímica Médica Leopoldo de Meis, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
Laboratório de Fisiologia Endócrina Doris Rosenthal, Instituto de Biofísica Carlos Chagas Filho, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil

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Denise P Carvalho Laboratório de Fisiologia Endócrina Doris Rosenthal, Instituto de Biofísica Carlos Chagas Filho, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil

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Wagner Seixas da-Silva Laboratório de Adaptações Metabólicas, Programa de Bioquímica e Biofísica Celular, Instituto de Bioquímica Médica Leopoldo de Meis, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil

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function that is linked to decreased estradiol production. In this context, estrogens are used for hormone therapy to prevent the development of metabolic disorders ( 2 , 3 ). It has been shown that although estrogen hormone replacement therapy has many

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Carina Ankarberg-Lindgren Department of Pediatrics, Institute of Clinical Sciences, The Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden

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Aneta Gawlik Department of Pediatrics and Pediatric Endocrinology, Medical University of Silesia, School of Medicine, Katowice, Poland

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Berit Kriström Department of Clinical Sciences/Pediatrics, Umeå University, Umeå, Sweden

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Laura Mazzanti Pediatric Endocrinology and Rare Disease Unit, Department of Medical and Surgical Science, University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy

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Elisabeth J Ruijgrok Department of Pharmacy, Erasmus Medical Center – Sophia Children’s Hospital, University Medical Center Rotterdam, Rotterdam, the Netherlands

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Theo C J Sas Department of Pediatric Endocrinology, Sophia Children’s Hospital, University Medical Center Rotterdam, Rotterdam, the Netherlands
Diabeter, National Diabetes Care and Research Center, Rotterdam, the Netherlands

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Introduction Girls with hypogonadism require estrogen replacement therapy to induce puberty and maintain secondary sex characteristics, as well as to attain peak bone mass. These outcomes are achieved by starting with a low estradiol (E 2

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Xiaomin Li Department of Breast Surgery, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China

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Ling Fang Department of Breast Surgery, Cheng Du Shang Jin Nan Fu Hospital, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China

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Hongjiang Li Department of Breast Surgery, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China

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Xiaoqin Yang Department of Breast Surgery, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China

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, has gradually increased recently ( 1 , 2 ). In patients with breast cancer, abnormalities occur in estrogen metabolism, in particular in the level of estrogen and their metabolites. Hydroxylation of the carbon atoms at positions 2, 4, and 16 of the

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