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Eva O Melin Department of Clinical Sciences, Endocrinology and Diabetes, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
Department of Research and Development, Växjö, Sweden
Primary Care, Växjö, Sweden

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Jonatan Dereke Department of Clinical Sciences Lund, Diabetes Research Laboratory, Lund University, Lund, Sweden

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Maria Thunander Department of Clinical Sciences, Endocrinology and Diabetes, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
Department of Research and Development, Växjö, Sweden
Department of Internal Medicine, Endocrinology and Diabetes, Central Hospital, Växjö, Sweden

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Magnus Hillman Department of Clinical Sciences Lund, Diabetes Research Laboratory, Lund University, Lund, Sweden

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Introduction Diabetic retinopathy (DR) is the most common complication of diabetes ( 1 , 2 ) and is a major cause of blindness ( 3 , 4 ). DR progresses over time, but fortunately only a limited number of patients acquire one of the two major

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Ju-shuang Li Division of Epidemiology and Health Statistics, Department of Preventive Medicine, School of Public Health & Management, Wenzhou Medical Unviersity, Wenzhou, Zhejiang, China
Center on Evidence-Based Medicine & Clinical Epidemiological Research, School of Public Health & Management, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang, China

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Tao Wang Division of Epidemiology and Health Statistics, Department of Preventive Medicine, School of Public Health & Management, Wenzhou Medical Unviersity, Wenzhou, Zhejiang, China
Center on Evidence-Based Medicine & Clinical Epidemiological Research, School of Public Health & Management, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang, China

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Jing-jing Zuo Center on Clinical Research, School of Ophthalmology & Optometry, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang, China

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Cheng-nan Guo Division of Epidemiology and Health Statistics, Department of Preventive Medicine, School of Public Health & Management, Wenzhou Medical Unviersity, Wenzhou, Zhejiang, China
Center on Evidence-Based Medicine & Clinical Epidemiological Research, School of Public Health & Management, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang, China

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Fang Peng Division of Epidemiology and Health Statistics, Department of Preventive Medicine, School of Public Health & Management, Wenzhou Medical Unviersity, Wenzhou, Zhejiang, China
Center on Evidence-Based Medicine & Clinical Epidemiological Research, School of Public Health & Management, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang, China

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Shu-zhen Zhao Division of Epidemiology and Health Statistics, Department of Preventive Medicine, School of Public Health & Management, Wenzhou Medical Unviersity, Wenzhou, Zhejiang, China
Center on Evidence-Based Medicine & Clinical Epidemiological Research, School of Public Health & Management, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang, China

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Hui-hui Li Division of Epidemiology and Health Statistics, Department of Preventive Medicine, School of Public Health & Management, Wenzhou Medical Unviersity, Wenzhou, Zhejiang, China
Center on Evidence-Based Medicine & Clinical Epidemiological Research, School of Public Health & Management, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang, China

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Xiang-qing Hou Division of Epidemiology and Health Statistics, Department of Preventive Medicine, School of Public Health & Management, Wenzhou Medical Unviersity, Wenzhou, Zhejiang, China
Center on Evidence-Based Medicine & Clinical Epidemiological Research, School of Public Health & Management, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang, China

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Yuan Lan Center on Clinical Research, School of Ophthalmology & Optometry, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang, China
Department of Ophthalmology, Pingxiang People’s Hospital of Southern Medical University, Pingxiang, Jiangxi, China

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Ya-ping Wei Division of Epidemiology and Health Statistics, Department of Preventive Medicine, School of Public Health & Management, Wenzhou Medical Unviersity, Wenzhou, Zhejiang, China
Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Food Nutrition and Human Health, College of Food Science and Nutritional Engineering, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China

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Chao Zheng The Second Affiliated Hospital of Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China

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Guang-yun Mao Division of Epidemiology and Health Statistics, Department of Preventive Medicine, School of Public Health & Management, Wenzhou Medical Unviersity, Wenzhou, Zhejiang, China
Center on Evidence-Based Medicine & Clinical Epidemiological Research, School of Public Health & Management, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang, China
Center on Clinical Research, School of Ophthalmology & Optometry, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang, China

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Introduction It has been reported that about 415 million people worldwide have been affected by diabetes mellitus (DM) in 2015, and the number will reach 642 million by 2040 ( 1 ). Diabetic retinopathy (DR) has emerged as the most common

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Guang-Ran Yang Department of Endocrinology, Beijing Tongren Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China

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Dongmei Li Clinical and Translational Science Institute, School of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, New York, USA

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Zidian Xie Clinical and Translational Science Institute, School of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, New York, USA

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Introduction Diabetic retinopathy (DR), a typical microvascular complication of diabetes mellitus (DM), is the leading cause of blindness in adult patients aged 20–74 years old in developed countries ( 1 ). In the US, about 4.2 million DM

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E R Polina Laboratory of Human Molecular Genetics, Universidade Luterana do Brasil (ULBRA), Canoas, Brazil

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F M Oliveira Laboratory of Human Molecular Genetics, Universidade Luterana do Brasil (ULBRA), Canoas, Brazil

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R C Sbruzzi Laboratory of Human Molecular Genetics, Universidade Luterana do Brasil (ULBRA), Canoas, Brazil

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D Crispim Endocrine Division, Hospital de Clínicas de Porto Alegre (HCPA), Porto Alegre, Brazil

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L H Canani Endocrine Division, Hospital de Clínicas de Porto Alegre (HCPA), Porto Alegre, Brazil
Department of Internal Medicine, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul (UFRGS), Porto Alegre, Brazil

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K G Santos Laboratory of Human Molecular Genetics, Universidade Luterana do Brasil (ULBRA), Canoas, Brazil
Cardiovascular Research Laboratory, Hospital de Clínicas de Porto Alegre (HCPA), Porto Alegre, Brazil

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Introduction Diabetic retinopathy (DR) is a neurodegenerative complication of diabetes ( 1 ) consistently associated with other diabetic complications and with an overall worse prognosis ( 2 ). Hyperglycaemia triggers the activation of

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Chengnan Guo Division of Epidemiology and Health Statistics, Department of Preventive Medicine, School of Public Health & Management, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang, China

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Yixi Xu Division of Epidemiology and Health Statistics, Department of Preventive Medicine, School of Public Health & Management, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang, China

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Yange Ma Division of Epidemiology and Health Statistics, Department of Preventive Medicine, School of Public Health & Management, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang, China

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Xin Xu Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang, China

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Fang Peng Division of Epidemiology and Health Statistics, Department of Preventive Medicine, School of Public Health & Management, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang, China

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Hui-hui Li Division of Epidemiology and Health Statistics, Department of Preventive Medicine, School of Public Health & Management, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang, China

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Dongzhen Jin Division of Epidemiology and Health Statistics, Department of Preventive Medicine, School of Public Health & Management, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang, China

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Shu-zhen Zhao Division of Epidemiology and Health Statistics, Department of Preventive Medicine, School of Public Health & Management, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang, China

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Zhezheng Xia Division of Epidemiology and Health Statistics, Department of Preventive Medicine, School of Public Health & Management, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang, China

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Mengyuan Lai Division of Epidemiology and Health Statistics, Department of Preventive Medicine, School of Public Health & Management, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang, China

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Mingzhu Che Division of Epidemiology and Health Statistics, Department of Preventive Medicine, School of Public Health & Management, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang, China

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Ruogu Huang Division of Epidemiology and Health Statistics, Department of Preventive Medicine, School of Public Health & Management, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang, China

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Yanan Wang Division of Epidemiology and Health Statistics, Department of Preventive Medicine, School of Public Health & Management, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang, China

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Depeng Jiang Department of Community Health Sciences, College of Medicine, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Canada

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Chao Zheng The Second Affiliated Hospital of Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China

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Guangyun Mao Division of Epidemiology and Health Statistics, Department of Preventive Medicine, School of Public Health & Management, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang, China
Eye Hospital and School of Ophthalmology and Optometry, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang, China
National Clinical Research Center for Ocular Diseases, Wenzhou, Zhejiang, China

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Introduction As the primary cause of preventable vision loss in working-aged people, diabetic retinopathy (DR) has become one of the major public health issues worldwide ( 1 , 2 ). From 1990 to 2015, the crude prevalence of DR-caused visual

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Xi Cao Beijing Diabetes Institute, Beijing Tongren Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China

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Ming Lu Department of Endocrinology, Beijing Tongren Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China

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Rong-Rong Xie Beijing Diabetes Institute, Beijing Tongren Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China

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Li-Ni Song Department of Endocrinology, Beijing Tongren Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China

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Wei-Li Yang Beijing Diabetes Institute, Beijing Tongren Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China

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Zhong Xin Department of Endocrinology, Beijing Tongren Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China

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Guang-Ran Yang Department of Endocrinology, Beijing Tongren Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China

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Jin-Kui Yang Beijing Diabetes Institute, Beijing Tongren Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China

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Introduction The prevalence of type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) is increasing globally, and diabetic complications affect millions of people worldwide ( 1 , 2 ). Diabetic eye diseases, such as diabetic retinopathy (DR) and diabetic macular

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Chunliang Yang Department of Integrated Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
The Center for Biomedical Research, Tongji Hospital Research Building, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China

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Junyi Li Department of Integrated Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China

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Fei Sun The Center for Biomedical Research, Tongji Hospital Research Building, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China

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Haifeng Zhou Department of Integrated Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China

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Jia Yang Department of Integrated Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China

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Chao Yang Department of Gerontology, Hubei Provincial Hospital of Integrated Chinese and Western Medicine, Wuhan, China

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Actions of SGK1 Functional outcomes Diabetic retinopathy Facilitate the accumulation of sorbitol Retinal microvascular lesions Enhance the expression of EDB + FN Dysregulated angiogenesis Hinder the clearance of glutamate

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W Liu Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Peking University People’s Hospital, Beijing, China

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Y Wang Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Peking University People’s Hospital, Beijing, China

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X Han Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Peking University People’s Hospital, Beijing, China

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X Cai Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Peking University People’s Hospital, Beijing, China

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Y Zhu Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Peking University People’s Hospital, Beijing, China

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M Zhang Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Peking University People’s Hospital, Beijing, China

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S Gong Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Peking University People’s Hospital, Beijing, China

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J Li Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Peking University People’s Hospital, Beijing, China

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L Ji Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Peking University People’s Hospital, Beijing, China

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are the conventionally used predictors of diabetic retinopathy (DR) and diabetic nephropathy (DN). ( 2 , 3 ) Previous studies have shown that almost all T1DM patients are likely to develop some degree of DN within 20 years of diagnosis. ( 4 , 5 ) In

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Tsung-Hui Wu Section of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Department of Medicine, Taipei Veterans General Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan

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Guan-Yu Su Section of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Department of Medicine, Taipei Veterans General Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan

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Tsung-Yun Liu Institute of Food Safety and Health Risk Assessment, College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, National Yang Ming Chiao Tung University, Taipei, Taiwan

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Hsiang-Tsui Wang Institute of Food Safety and Health Risk Assessment, College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, National Yang Ming Chiao Tung University, Taipei, Taiwan
Institute of Pharmacology, College of Medicine, National Yang Ming Chiao Tung University, Taipei, Taiwan
PhD Program in Toxicology, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan

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Chii-Min Hwu Section of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Department of Medicine, Taipei Veterans General Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan
Faculty of Medicine, National Yang Ming Chiao Tung University School of Medicine, Taipei, Taiwan

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, 12 , 13 ). Evidence indicates that acrolein may contribute to diabetic retinopathy and diabetic nephropathy ( 14 , 15 ). Recently, Yao et al. found that treatment with hydralazine, an acrolein scavenger, attenuated neuroinflammation and

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Xi Zhang Department of Endocrinology and Laboratory for Diabetes, The First Affiliated Hospital of USTC, Division of Life Sciences and Medicine, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui, People’s Republic of China
Graduate School, Wannan Medical College, Wuhu, Anhui, People’s Republic of China

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Xiurong Shen Department of Endocrinology and Laboratory for Diabetes, The First Affiliated Hospital of USTC, Division of Life Sciences and Medicine, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui, People’s Republic of China
Graduate School, Wannan Medical College, Wuhu, Anhui, People’s Republic of China

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Wan Zhou Department of Endocrinology and Laboratory for Diabetes, The First Affiliated Hospital of USTC, Division of Life Sciences and Medicine, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui, People’s Republic of China
Institute of Endocrine and Metabolic Diseases, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui, People’s Republic of China

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Mengyun Xu Department of Endocrinology and Laboratory for Diabetes, The First Affiliated Hospital of USTC, Division of Life Sciences and Medicine, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui, People’s Republic of China
Institute of Endocrine and Metabolic Diseases, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui, People’s Republic of China

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Yan Xing Department of Endocrinology and Laboratory for Diabetes, The First Affiliated Hospital of USTC, Division of Life Sciences and Medicine, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui, People’s Republic of China
Institute of Endocrine and Metabolic Diseases, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui, People’s Republic of China

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Jianping Weng Department of Endocrinology and Laboratory for Diabetes, The First Affiliated Hospital of USTC, Division of Life Sciences and Medicine, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui, People’s Republic of China
Institute of Endocrine and Metabolic Diseases, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui, People’s Republic of China

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Shandong Ye Department of Endocrinology and Laboratory for Diabetes, The First Affiliated Hospital of USTC, Division of Life Sciences and Medicine, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui, People’s Republic of China
Institute of Endocrine and Metabolic Diseases, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui, People’s Republic of China

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Suowen Xu Department of Endocrinology and Laboratory for Diabetes, The First Affiliated Hospital of USTC, Division of Life Sciences and Medicine, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui, People’s Republic of China
Institute of Endocrine and Metabolic Diseases, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui, People’s Republic of China

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Zhi Zhang Hefei National Laboratory for Physical Sciences at the Microscale, Division of Life Sciences and Medicine, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui, People’s Republic of China

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Wei Wang Department of Endocrinology and Laboratory for Diabetes, The First Affiliated Hospital of USTC, Division of Life Sciences and Medicine, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui, People’s Republic of China
Institute of Endocrine and Metabolic Diseases, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui, People’s Republic of China

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diabetic retinopathy, diabetic nephropathy, and cardiovascular diseases ( 5 , 6 , 7 , 8 , 9 ). For neurological diseases, the role of LCN2 has been implicated in diabetic encephalopathy and some other neurological diseases in animal models with

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