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basic and clinical endocrinology. The following story about cholecystokinin (CCK) illustrates how studies of a single peptide hormone from the gut (CCK-33) has gradually contributed to expand endocrinology into a considerably wider concept than just
Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
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Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
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Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
Novo Nordisk Foundation Centre for Protein Research, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
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Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
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Department of Clinical Medicine, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
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Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
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substance P, are known substrates of neprilysin ( 1 , 4 ). So far, only indirect experiments have suggested that neprilysin degrades gastrin and cholecystokinin (CCK) ( 5 , 6 , 7 , 8 , 9 , 10 ). These hormones are secreted in parallel with GLP-1 from
Willem-Alexander Children’s Hospital, Department of Pediatrics, Division of Endocrinology, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands
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. Figure 1 Neuroendocrine factors and interactions in the hypothalamus. In the gastrointestinal tract, multiple neuroendocrine hormones are produced. Ghrelin is the only gut hormone that stimulates feeding. Other hormones, including cholecystokinin (CCK
Center for Clinical Metabolic Research, Gentofte Hospital, University of Copenhagen, Hellerup, Denmark
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Department of Clinical Medicine, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
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Department of Clinical Physiology and Nuclear Medicine, Bispebjerg and Frederiksberg Hospital, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
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Department of Clinical Pharmacology, Bispebjerg and Frederiksberg Hospital, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
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Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Basic Metabolic Research, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
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Department of Clinical Medicine, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
Steno Diabetes Center Copenhagen, Herlev, Denmark
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Department of Clinical Medicine, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
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Department of Clinical Medicine, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
Department of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
Steno Diabetes Center Copenhagen, Herlev, Denmark
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, glucagon-like peptide 1 (GLP-1), cholecystokinin (CCK), and gastrin), gastric emptying (acetaminophen) and glucose homeostasis (glucose, insulin, and C-peptide) was collected at the same time points, while blood samples for thyroid status (TSH, free
Department of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolic Diseases, Normandie Univ, UNIROUEN, Rouen University Hospital, Rouen, France
Centre d’Investigation Clinique (CIC-CRB)-INSERM 1404, Rouen University Hospital, Rouen, France
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Department of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolic Diseases, Normandie Univ, UNIROUEN, Rouen University Hospital, Rouen, France
Centre d’Investigation Clinique (CIC-CRB)-INSERM 1404, Rouen University Hospital, Rouen, France
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Department of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolic Diseases, Normandie Univ, UNIROUEN, Rouen University Hospital, Rouen, France
Centre d’Investigation Clinique (CIC-CRB)-INSERM 1404, Rouen University Hospital, Rouen, France
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note that the role of various peptides/hormones of the gut such as cholecystokinin, secretin, GIP, VIP, in the secretion of gastrin, pepsin, HCl is clearly established and widely documented ( 34 ) and that some of them such as cholecystokinin, GIP or
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, promelanin-concentrating hormone, progastrin and pro-opiomelanocortin (POMC), as well as reduced levels of bioactive peptides such as insulin, adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH), neurotensin, cholecystokinin (CCK) and gastrin in Cpe fat /Cpe fat mice
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Horowitz M Feinle-Bisset C . Reproducibility of energy intake, gastric emptying, blood glucose, plasma insulin and cholecystokinin responses in healthy young males . British Journal of Nutrition 2009 101 1094 . ( doi:10.1017/S0007114508042372
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Medical Microbiology Department, College of Basic Medicine, Qingdao University, Qingdao, China
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Physiology Department, College of Basic Medicine, Qingdao University, Qingdao, China
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AS Shah BP Madara JC Burke LK Patterson CM Flak J Neve RL Evans ML Lowell BB Myers Jr MG et al . A parabrachial-hypothalamic cholecystokinin neurocircuit controls counterregulatory responses to hypoglycemia . Cell Metabolism 2014
Center for Clinical Metabolic Research, Gentofte Hospital, University of Copenhagen, Hellerup, Denmark
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Center for Clinical Metabolic Research, Gentofte Hospital, University of Copenhagen, Hellerup, Denmark
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Center for Clinical Metabolic Research, Gentofte Hospital, University of Copenhagen, Hellerup, Denmark
Department of Clinical Medicine, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Basic Metabolic Research, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
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Center for Clinical Metabolic Research, Gentofte Hospital, University of Copenhagen, Hellerup, Denmark
Department of Clinical Medicine, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
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development, and their therapeutic potential for the treatment of T2D and obesity is being investigated in clinical trials ( 55 , 90 , 91 , 92 ). Also, the combination of GLP-1RA with cholecystokinin (CCK) and fibroblast growth factor 21 (FGF21) has been