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Xiying Zeng The Third Clinical Medical College, Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou, China

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Yinxiang Huang Department of Endocrinology and Diabetes, The First Affiliated Hospital, Xiamen University, Xiamen, China

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Mulin Zhang Department of Endocrinology and Diabetes, The First Affiliated Hospital, Xiamen University, Xiamen, China

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Yun Chen The Third Clinical Medical College, Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou, China

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Jiawen Ye The Third Clinical Medical College, Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou, China

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Yan Han School of Medicine, Xiamen University, Xiamen, China

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Danyan Ma School of Medicine, Xiamen University, Xiamen, China

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Xin Zheng Department of Endocrinology and Diabetes, The First Affiliated Hospital, Xiamen University, Xiamen, China

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Xiaohong Yan Reproductive Medicine Center, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xiamen University, Xiamen, China

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Changqin Liu The Third Clinical Medical College, Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou, China
Department of Endocrinology and Diabetes, The First Affiliated Hospital, Xiamen University, Xiamen, China
Fujian Province Key Laboratory of Diabetes Translational Medicine, Xiamen, China

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that central (abdominal) obesity, one of the important patterns of obesity, is also closely linked to PCOS ( 17 , 18 , 19 ). However, regarding PCOS, studies exploring the potential association between plasma AMH and central obesity are limited

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Valeria Hirschler University of Buenos Aires, Buenos Aires, Argentina

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Claudia Molinari University of Buenos Aires, Buenos Aires, Argentina

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Silvia Lapertosa UNNE, Corrientes, Argentina

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Gustavo Maccallini Hidalgo Laboratories, Buenos Aires, Argentina

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Claudio D Gonzalez CEMIC, Buenos Aires, Argentina

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central OB vs OW/OB with central OB; (g) all categories are significantly dif ferent. BP, blood pressure; OB, obesity; OW, overweight; TG, triglycerides; z-BMI, BMI z-score. Multivariate associations Multiple linear regression analyses

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Reshma Aziz Merchant Division of Geriatric Medicine, Department of Medicine, National University Hospital, Singapore, Singapore
Department of Medicine, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore

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Michael Wong Wai Kit Department of Medicine, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore

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Jia Yi Lim Department of Medicine, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore

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John E Morley Division of Geriatric Medicine, Saint Louis University School of Medicine, St Louis, Missouri, USA

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poor indicator of fat distribution, especially in older adults. High BMI is associated with better survival and cognition in older adults ( 4 , 5 , 6 ). Waist circumference (WC) reflects central obesity (CO), which is a risk factor for adverse

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Sun Fei Wuxi Medical College of Jiangnan University, Wuxi, China

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Min Liu Wuxi Maternity and Child Health Care Hospital, Wuxi, China

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Hu Shanshan Wuxi Maternity and Child Health Care Hospital, Wuxi, China

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Ruijie Xie Department of Microsurgery, University of South China, Hengyang, China

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Wu Danni Wuxi Medical College of Jiangnan University, Wuxi, China

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Zhou Ningying Wuxi Medical College of Jiangnan University, Wuxi, China

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, particularly in women, but a few studies have found that the incidence of depression actually decreases with increasing weight ( 8 , 9 ). Central obesity is the type of obesity that has the greatest impact on health, and the results of its relationship with

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Patricia Iozzo Institute of Clinical Physiology, National Research Council (CNR), Pisa, Italy

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Maria Angela Guzzardi Institute of Clinical Physiology, National Research Council (CNR), Pisa, Italy

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Introduction The prevalence of obesity has reached epidemic proportions and is growing in most world regions. Obesity is a risk factor for a series of chronic morbidities, the most frequent being type 2 diabetes. According to the World Health

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Alice S Ryan VA Maryland Health Care System, Division of Endocrinology, Research Service, Division of Gerontology and Geriatric Medicine, Department of Medicine, Baltimore Veterans Affairs Medical Center, 10 North Greene Street GRECC (BT/18/GR), Baltimore, Maryland 21201, USA

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John C McLenithan VA Maryland Health Care System, Division of Endocrinology, Research Service, Division of Gerontology and Geriatric Medicine, Department of Medicine, Baltimore Veterans Affairs Medical Center, 10 North Greene Street GRECC (BT/18/GR), Baltimore, Maryland 21201, USA

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Gretchen M Zietowski VA Maryland Health Care System, Division of Endocrinology, Research Service, Division of Gerontology and Geriatric Medicine, Department of Medicine, Baltimore Veterans Affairs Medical Center, 10 North Greene Street GRECC (BT/18/GR), Baltimore, Maryland 21201, USA

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fat are associated with insulin resistance, demonstrating the importance of increased body fat and central obesity to increase the risk for the development of T2DM years after pregnancy complicated by GDM. Women with prior GDM compared with women

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Julia H Goedecke Non-communicable Diseases Research Unit, South African Medical Research Council, Cape Town, South Africa
Division of Exercise Science and Sport Medicine, Department of Human Biology, University of Cape Town, 3 Floor Sports Science Institute of South Africa Cape Town, South Africa

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Mehreen Tootla Division of Exercise Science and Sport Medicine, Department of Human Biology, University of Cape Town, 3 Floor Sports Science Institute of South Africa Cape Town, South Africa

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Dheshnie Keswell Division of Exercise Science and Sport Medicine, Department of Human Biology, University of Cape Town, 3 Floor Sports Science Institute of South Africa Cape Town, South Africa

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fatty acids and protecting against central accumulation of fatty acids ( 26 , 27 ). Studies in humans have shown reduced abdominal SAT ERA gene expression in obese compared to normal-weight premenopausal women and increased expression in response to

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Qiankai Jin Department of Endocrinology, The Affiliated Hospital of Medical School, Ningbo University, Ningbo, China
School of Medicine, Ningbo University, Ningbo, China

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Guoqing Huang Department of Endocrinology, The Affiliated Hospital of Medical School, Ningbo University, Ningbo, China
School of Medicine, Ningbo University, Ningbo, China

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Xiaoqing Tian Department of Endocrinology, The Affiliated Hospital of Medical School, Ningbo University, Ningbo, China
School of Medicine, Ningbo University, Ningbo, China

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Yimeng Shu Department of Endocrinology, The Affiliated Hospital of Medical School, Ningbo University, Ningbo, China
School of Medicine, Ningbo University, Ningbo, China

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Ximisinuer Tusongtuoheti Department of Endocrinology, The Affiliated Hospital of Medical School, Ningbo University, Ningbo, China
School of Medicine, Ningbo University, Ningbo, China

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Yushan Mao Department of Endocrinology, The Affiliated Hospital of Medical School, Ningbo University, Ningbo, China

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Introduction Metabolic syndrome (MetS) is defined as a cluster of cardiovascular risk factors that occur together in individuals ( 1 ). It is diagnosed when the individual has three or more of its components (central obesity, hypertension

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Christine Poitou Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris, Centre de référence Maladies Rares (PRADORT, Syndrome de Prader-Willi et autres formes rares d’obésité avec troubles du comportement alimentaire), Service de Nutrition, Hôpital Pitié-Salpêtrière, Paris, France

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Anthony Holland Department of Psychiatry, University of Cambridge, UK

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Charlotte Höybye Department of Endocrinology and Department of Molecular Medicine and Surgery, Karolinska University Hospital and Karolinska Institute, Stockholm, Sweden

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Laura C G de Graaff Center for Adults with Rare Genetic Syndromes, Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Endocrinology, Erasmus Medical Center, University Medical Center Rotterdam, Rotterdam, The Netherlands

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Sandrine Bottius Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris, Centre de référence Maladies Rares (PRADORT, Syndrome de Prader-Willi et autres formes rares d’obésité avec troubles du comportement alimentaire), Service de Nutrition, Hôpital Pitié-Salpêtrière, Paris, France

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Berit Otterlei Landsforeningen for Prader-Willis Syndrom Hiltonåsen, Slependen, Norway

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Maithé Tauber Centre de référence Maladies Rares (PRADORT, Syndrome de Prader-Willi et autres formes rares d’obésité avec troubles du comportement alimentaire), Service d’Endocrinologie, Obésités, Maladies Osseuses, Génétique et Gynécologie Médicale, Hôpital des Enfants, Toulouse, France

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–80%  Central adrenal insufficiency <5% Metabolic  Diabetes about 25% started in adolescents associated with obesity  Dyslipidemia Comorbidities  Scoliosis, sleep apnea, sleeping disorders ± narcolepsia ± catatonia  Gastro

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Yuan Huang Department of Cardiology, The First Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China

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Yunyun Hu The First Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China

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Bingshu Bao The Second People’s Hospital, Luqiao, Taizhou, Zhejiang, China

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ineffectiveness in estimating fat distribution and differentiating between muscle/fat mass ( 6 , 14 ). BMI is more suitable for general-obesity assessment ( 15 ). A central fat-related biomarker, visceral adipose tissue (VAT), has emerged as a good remedy for the

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