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Katica Bajuk Studen Nuclear Medicine Department, University Medical Centre Ljubljana, Ljubljana, Slovenia

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Marija Pfeifer Faculty of Medicine, University of Ljubljana, Ljubljana, Slovenia

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aim of this article is to explore and review current evidence that associates PCOS with cardiometabolic abnormalities and possibly an increased risk of cardiovascular disease. Insulin resistance, metabolic syndrome, obesity and sleep disturbances

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Angelo Maria Patti Department of Internal Medicine and Medical Specialties, University of Palermo, Palermo, Italy

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Kalliopi Pafili Diabetes Centre, Second Department of Internal Medicine, Democritus University of Thrace, University Hospital of Alexandroupolis, Alexandroupolis, Greece

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Nikolaos Papanas Diabetes Centre, Second Department of Internal Medicine, Democritus University of Thrace, University Hospital of Alexandroupolis, Alexandroupolis, Greece

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Manfredi Rizzo Department of Internal Medicine and Medical Specialties, University of Palermo, Palermo, Italy

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( 19 , 20 , 21 ), and family history of CV risk is closely related to future CVD ( 22 , 23 ). Is there a synergistic effect of GDM and HDP on postpartum cardiometabolic risk? It has been reported that there is a significant link between

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Siphiwe N Dlamini SAMRC/Wits Developmental Pathways for Health Research Unit (DPHRU), School of Clinical Medicine, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa
Non-communicable Diseases Research Unit, South African Medical Research Council, Cape Town, South Africa

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Zané Lombard Division of Human Genetics, National Health Laboratory Service, and School of Pathology, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa

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Lisa K Micklesfield SAMRC/Wits Developmental Pathways for Health Research Unit (DPHRU), School of Clinical Medicine, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa

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Nigel Crowther Department of Chemical Pathology, National Health Laboratory Service and Faculty of Health Sciences, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa

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Shane A Norris SAMRC/Wits Developmental Pathways for Health Research Unit (DPHRU), School of Clinical Medicine, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa

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Tracy Snyman Department of Chemical Pathology, National Health Laboratory Service and Faculty of Health Sciences, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa

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Andrew A Crawford Population Health Sciences, Bristol Medical School, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK
BHF Centre for Cardiovascular Science, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK

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Brian R Walker BHF Centre for Cardiovascular Science, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
Institute of Genetic Medicine to Translational & Clinical Research Institute, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, UK

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Julia H Goedecke SAMRC/Wits Developmental Pathways for Health Research Unit (DPHRU), School of Clinical Medicine, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa
Non-communicable Diseases Research Unit, South African Medical Research Council, Cape Town, South Africa

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components, and related cardiometabolic risk factors, including measures of obesity, insulin resistance, and glucose intolerance ( 3 , 4 , 5 , 6 , 7 ). Cortisol may not be the only glucocorticoid involved in metabolic syndrome as humans also produce

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Ling-Jun Li Division of O&G, KK Women’s and Children’s Hospital, Singapore, Singapore
O&G ACP, Duke-NUS Graduate Medical School, Singapore, Singapore
Singapore Eye Research Institute, Singapore National Eye Centre, Singapore, Singapore

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Izzuddin M Aris Singapore Institute for Clinical Sciences, Agency for Science Technology and Research (A*STAR), Singapore, Singapore

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Lin Lin Su Department of O&G, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore

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Yap Seng Chong Singapore Institute for Clinical Sciences, Agency for Science Technology and Research (A*STAR), Singapore, Singapore
Department of O&G, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore

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Tien Yin Wong O&G ACP, Duke-NUS Graduate Medical School, Singapore, Singapore
Singapore Eye Research Institute, Singapore National Eye Centre, Singapore, Singapore

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Kok Hian Tan Division of O&G, KK Women’s and Children’s Hospital, Singapore, Singapore
O&G ACP, Duke-NUS Graduate Medical School, Singapore, Singapore

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Jie Jin Wang O&G ACP, Duke-NUS Graduate Medical School, Singapore, Singapore

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, HDP or co-existence of both pregnancy complications, on the risk of postpartum cardio-metabolic diseases, including metabolic syndrome (MetS), abnormal glucose metabolism and hypertension (HTN). Methods Study population and design This was

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Philippe Jean-Luc Gradidge Centre for Exercise Science and Sports Medicine, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa

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Nicole G Jaff Department of Chemical Pathology, National Health Laboratory Service, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa

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Shane A Norris SAMRC/Wits Developmental Pathways for Health Research Unit, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa
Global Health Research Institute, School of Human Development and Health, University of Southampton, Southampton, UK

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Marketa Toman Department of Chemical Pathology, National Health Laboratory Service, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa

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Nigel J Crowther Department of Chemical Pathology, National Health Laboratory Service, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa

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distribution rather than total body adiposity ( 8 ) has been associated with differing levels of cardiometabolic disease (CMD) risk. Thus, studies have shown that an accumulation of visceral adipose tissue increases the risk of CMD ( 9 ), while the deposition

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Line K Johnson Morbid Obesity Centre, Department of Nutrition, Norwegian National Advisory Unit on Familial Hypercholesterolemia, Department of Gynecology, Institute of Clinical Medicine, Department of Endocrinology, Vestfold Hospital Trust, PO Box 2168, 3103 Tønsberg, Norway

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Kirsten B Holven Morbid Obesity Centre, Department of Nutrition, Norwegian National Advisory Unit on Familial Hypercholesterolemia, Department of Gynecology, Institute of Clinical Medicine, Department of Endocrinology, Vestfold Hospital Trust, PO Box 2168, 3103 Tønsberg, Norway
Morbid Obesity Centre, Department of Nutrition, Norwegian National Advisory Unit on Familial Hypercholesterolemia, Department of Gynecology, Institute of Clinical Medicine, Department of Endocrinology, Vestfold Hospital Trust, PO Box 2168, 3103 Tønsberg, Norway

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Njord Nordstrand Morbid Obesity Centre, Department of Nutrition, Norwegian National Advisory Unit on Familial Hypercholesterolemia, Department of Gynecology, Institute of Clinical Medicine, Department of Endocrinology, Vestfold Hospital Trust, PO Box 2168, 3103 Tønsberg, Norway

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Jan R Mellembakken Morbid Obesity Centre, Department of Nutrition, Norwegian National Advisory Unit on Familial Hypercholesterolemia, Department of Gynecology, Institute of Clinical Medicine, Department of Endocrinology, Vestfold Hospital Trust, PO Box 2168, 3103 Tønsberg, Norway

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Tom Tanbo Morbid Obesity Centre, Department of Nutrition, Norwegian National Advisory Unit on Familial Hypercholesterolemia, Department of Gynecology, Institute of Clinical Medicine, Department of Endocrinology, Vestfold Hospital Trust, PO Box 2168, 3103 Tønsberg, Norway
Morbid Obesity Centre, Department of Nutrition, Norwegian National Advisory Unit on Familial Hypercholesterolemia, Department of Gynecology, Institute of Clinical Medicine, Department of Endocrinology, Vestfold Hospital Trust, PO Box 2168, 3103 Tønsberg, Norway

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Jøran Hjelmesæth Morbid Obesity Centre, Department of Nutrition, Norwegian National Advisory Unit on Familial Hypercholesterolemia, Department of Gynecology, Institute of Clinical Medicine, Department of Endocrinology, Vestfold Hospital Trust, PO Box 2168, 3103 Tønsberg, Norway
Morbid Obesity Centre, Department of Nutrition, Norwegian National Advisory Unit on Familial Hypercholesterolemia, Department of Gynecology, Institute of Clinical Medicine, Department of Endocrinology, Vestfold Hospital Trust, PO Box 2168, 3103 Tønsberg, Norway

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a lower prevalence of cardiometabolic risk factors including MS, cardiovascular inflammation and obesity (15) . Additionally, fiber intake improves gastrointestinal function and may prevent development of colorectal cancer (16) . Fiber intake from

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Stine A Holmboe Department of Growth and Reproduction, Rigshospitalet, University of Copenhagen, Blegdamsvej, Copenhagen, Denmark
The International Research Centre in Endocrine Disruption of Male Reproduction and Child Health (EDMaRC), Rigshospitalet, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark

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Ravi Jasuja Research Program in Men’s Health: Aging and Metabolism, Brigham and Womens Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA

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Brian Lawney Research Program in Men’s Health: Aging and Metabolism, Brigham and Womens Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA

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Lærke Priskorn Department of Growth and Reproduction, Rigshospitalet, University of Copenhagen, Blegdamsvej, Copenhagen, Denmark
The International Research Centre in Endocrine Disruption of Male Reproduction and Child Health (EDMaRC), Rigshospitalet, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark

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Niels Joergensen Department of Growth and Reproduction, Rigshospitalet, University of Copenhagen, Blegdamsvej, Copenhagen, Denmark
The International Research Centre in Endocrine Disruption of Male Reproduction and Child Health (EDMaRC), Rigshospitalet, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark

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Allan Linneberg Centre for Clinical Research and Prevention, Frederiksberg Hospital, Copenhagen, Denmark
Department of Clinical Medicine, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark

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Tina Kold Jensen Department of Growth and Reproduction, Rigshospitalet, University of Copenhagen, Blegdamsvej, Copenhagen, Denmark
The International Research Centre in Endocrine Disruption of Male Reproduction and Child Health (EDMaRC), Rigshospitalet, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
Department of Environmental Medicine, Institute of Public Health, University of Southern Denmark, Odense, Denmark

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Niels Erik Skakkebæk Department of Growth and Reproduction, Rigshospitalet, University of Copenhagen, Blegdamsvej, Copenhagen, Denmark
The International Research Centre in Endocrine Disruption of Male Reproduction and Child Health (EDMaRC), Rigshospitalet, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark

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Anders Juul Department of Growth and Reproduction, Rigshospitalet, University of Copenhagen, Blegdamsvej, Copenhagen, Denmark
The International Research Centre in Endocrine Disruption of Male Reproduction and Child Health (EDMaRC), Rigshospitalet, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark

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Anna-Maria Andersson Department of Growth and Reproduction, Rigshospitalet, University of Copenhagen, Blegdamsvej, Copenhagen, Denmark
The International Research Centre in Endocrine Disruption of Male Reproduction and Child Health (EDMaRC), Rigshospitalet, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark

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mortality with higher levels of free testosterone, irrespective of algorithm, being associated with lower risk of the two outcomes. On the contrary, for FAI a less consistent pattern was seen in relation to cardiometabolic conditions. Only minor

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David Koeckerling Medical Sciences Division, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK

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Jeremy W Tomlinson Oxford Centre for Diabetes, Endocrinology & Metabolism, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK

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Jeremy F Cobbold Oxford Liver Unit, NIHR Oxford Biomedical Research Centre, Oxford University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, John Radcliffe Hospital, Oxford, UK

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NASH had no significant bearing on outcomes ( 19 ). Unsurprisingly given the cardiometabolic risk factors inherent to the metabolic syndrome, cardiovascular disease is the most common cause of death in NAFLD ( 17 , 19 , 20 ). The intricate

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Valeria Hirschler University of Buenos Aires, Buenos Aires, Argentina

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Claudia Molinari University of Buenos Aires, Buenos Aires, Argentina

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Silvia Lapertosa UNNE, Corrientes, Argentina

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Gustavo Maccallini Hidalgo Laboratories, Buenos Aires, Argentina

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Claudio D Gonzalez CEMIC, Buenos Aires, Argentina

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Introduction The current definition of overweight/obesity (OW/OB) using BMI has been questioned by current studies in adults, suggesting that BMI might not be the best indicator of cardiometabolic risk ( 1 ). The present definition of

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Nafiye Helvaci Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Hacettepe University School of Medicine, Ankara, Turkey

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Erdem Karabulut Department of Biostatistics, Hacettepe University School of Medicine, Ankara, Turkey

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Ahmet Ugur Demir Department of Chest Diseases, Hacettepe University School of Medicine, Ankara, Turkey

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Bulent Okan Yildiz Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Hacettepe University School of Medicine, Ankara, Turkey

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is also associated with a substantial increase in risk for long-term cardiometabolic disorders including obesity, impaired glucose tolerance, type 2 diabetes, dyslipidemia, hypertension, coronary and other vascular disorders ( 4 ). There is also a

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