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Shin-ya Ueda Department of Acupuncture, Morinomiya University of Medical Sciences, Osaka, Japan

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Hidehiro Nakahara Department of Acupuncture, Morinomiya University of Medical Sciences, Osaka, Japan

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Eriko Kawai Department of Environmental Physiology for Exercise, Osaka City University Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka, Japan

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Tatsuya Usui Department of Elementary and Preschool Education, Osaka Seikei College, Osaka, Japan

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Shintaro Tsuji Department of Elementary and Preschool Education, Osaka Seikei College, Osaka, Japan

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Tadayoshi Miyamoto Department of Acupuncture, Morinomiya University of Medical Sciences, Osaka, Japan

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Introduction Appetite and eating behavior are controlled by various peripheral signals that change in response to food intake and act on the hypothalamus and brainstem ( 1 ). These feedback signals involve a number of gut hormones, such as

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Benjamin D Maylor Institute for Sport and Physical Activity Research, School of Sport Science and Physical Activity, University of Bedfordshire, Bedford, UK
Leicester Diabetes Centre, University of Leicester, Leicester General Hospital, Leicester, UK

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Julia K Zakrzewski-Fruer Institute for Sport and Physical Activity Research, School of Sport Science and Physical Activity, University of Bedfordshire, Bedford, UK

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Charlie J Orton Institute for Sport and Physical Activity Research, School of Sport Science and Physical Activity, University of Bedfordshire, Bedford, UK

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Daniel P Bailey Institute for Sport and Physical Activity Research, School of Sport Science and Physical Activity, University of Bedfordshire, Bedford, UK
Centre for Physical Activity in Health and Disease, Brunel University London, Uxbridge, UK
Division of Sport, Health and Exercise Sciences, Department of Life Sciences, Brunel University London, Uxbridge, UK

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> 30 min can lead to an energy deficit due to suppressed subjective appetite, changes in circulating appetite-regulating hormones and/or no compensation in energy intake to account for the increased energy expenditure ( 8 , 9 ). In the limited evidence

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Cheryl M Isherwood Section of Chronobiology, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Surrey, Guildford, United Kingdom

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M Denise Robertson Section of Metabolic Medicine, Food and Macronutrients, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Surrey, Guildford, United Kingdom

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Debra J Skene Section of Chronobiology, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Surrey, Guildford, United Kingdom

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Jonathan D Johnston Section of Chronobiology, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Surrey, Guildford, United Kingdom

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the functional link between pancreatic clocks, insulin secretion and T2D ( 20 , 21 ). In addition, obesity has been associated with reduced amplitude in the daily rhythms of circulating hormones, such as leptin ( 22 ) and ghrelin ( 23 ). Reduced

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Charlotte Janus Department of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
Danish Diabetes Academy, Odense University Hospital, Odense, Denmark

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Dorte Vistisen Steno Diabetes Center Copenhagen, Gentofte, Denmark

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Hanan Amadid Steno Diabetes Center Copenhagen, Gentofte, Denmark
Department of Public Health, Research Unit of Epidemiology, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark

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Daniel R Witte Danish Diabetes Academy, Odense University Hospital, Odense, Denmark
Department of Public Health, Research Unit of Epidemiology, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark
Steno Diabetes Center Aarhus, Aarhus, Denmark

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Torsten Lauritzen Department of Public Health, Research Unit of Epidemiology, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark

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Søren Brage MRC Epidemiology Unit, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK

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Anne-Louise Bjerregaard Department of Public Health, Research Unit of Epidemiology, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark

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Torben Hansen Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Basic Metabolic Research, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark

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Jens J Holst Department of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Basic Metabolic Research, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark

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Marit E Jørgensen Steno Diabetes Center Copenhagen, Gentofte, Denmark
National Institute of Public Health, University of Southern Denmark, Odense, Denmark

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Oluf Pedersen Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Basic Metabolic Research, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark

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Kristine Færch Steno Diabetes Center Copenhagen, Gentofte, Denmark

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Signe S Torekov Department of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Basic Metabolic Research, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark

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Desbrow B . Acute exercise and hormones related to appetite regulation: a meta-analysis . Sports Medicine 2014 387 – 403 . ( https://doi.org/10.1007/s40279-013-0120-3 ) 16 Ueda SY Yoshikawa T Katsura Y Usui T Nakao H Fujimoto S

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H Vlaardingerbroek Department of Pediatrics, Subdivision of Endocrinology, Erasmus University Medical Center-Sophia Children’s Hospital, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
Willem-Alexander Children’s Hospital, Department of Pediatrics, Division of Endocrinology, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands

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E L T van den Akker Department of Pediatrics, Subdivision of Endocrinology, Erasmus University Medical Center-Sophia Children’s Hospital, Rotterdam, The Netherlands

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A C S Hokken-Koelega Department of Pediatrics, Subdivision of Endocrinology, Erasmus University Medical Center-Sophia Children’s Hospital, Rotterdam, The Netherlands

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abstract of the manuscript): 'appetite', 'appetite depressants', 'appetite stimulants', 'appetite regulating hormones', 'food intake', 'satiety', 'body weight', 'weight', 'obesity', 'obese', 'body mass index', 'BMI'. In addition, the individual appetite

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Bjarke R Medici Department of Medicine, Herlev Hospital, University of Copenhagen, Herlev, Denmark
Center for Clinical Metabolic Research, Gentofte Hospital, University of Copenhagen, Hellerup, Denmark

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Birte Nygaard Department of Medicine, Herlev Hospital, University of Copenhagen, Herlev, Denmark
Department of Clinical Medicine, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark

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Jeppe L la Cour Department of Medicine, Herlev Hospital, University of Copenhagen, Herlev, Denmark

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Martin Krakauer Department of Clinical Physiology and Nuclear Medicine, Gentofte Hospital, University of Copenhagen, Hellerup, Denmark
Department of Clinical Physiology and Nuclear Medicine, Bispebjerg and Frederiksberg Hospital, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark

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Andreas Brønden Center for Clinical Metabolic Research, Gentofte Hospital, University of Copenhagen, Hellerup, Denmark
Department of Clinical Pharmacology, Bispebjerg and Frederiksberg Hospital, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark

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Mette P Sonne Department of Medicine, Herlev Hospital, University of Copenhagen, Herlev, Denmark

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Jens J Holst Department of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Basic Metabolic Research, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark

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Jens F Rehfeld Department of Clinical Biochemistry, Rigshospitalet, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark

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Tina Vilsbøll Center for Clinical Metabolic Research, Gentofte Hospital, University of Copenhagen, Hellerup, Denmark
Department of Clinical Medicine, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
Steno Diabetes Center Copenhagen, Herlev, Denmark

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Jens Faber Department of Medicine, Herlev Hospital, University of Copenhagen, Herlev, Denmark
Department of Clinical Medicine, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark

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Filip K Knop Center for Clinical Metabolic Research, Gentofte Hospital, University of Copenhagen, Hellerup, Denmark
Department of Clinical Medicine, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
Department of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
Steno Diabetes Center Copenhagen, Herlev, Denmark

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, gastric emptying ( 11 ), and a range of hormones and peptides related to appetite and satiety. Materials and methods Study design The study's primary endpoints were changes from baseline hunger and ad libitum food intake after 6 months of

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Benjamin Paul Green Department of Sport, Exercise and Rehabilitation, Faculty of Health and Life Sciences, Northumbria University, Northumberland Building, Newcastle upon Tyne NE1 8ST, UK

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Javier Thomas Gonzalez Department of Sport, Exercise and Rehabilitation, Faculty of Health and Life Sciences, Northumbria University, Northumberland Building, Newcastle upon Tyne NE1 8ST, UK

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Kevin Thomas Department of Sport, Exercise and Rehabilitation, Faculty of Health and Life Sciences, Northumbria University, Northumberland Building, Newcastle upon Tyne NE1 8ST, UK

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Emma Stevenson Department of Sport, Exercise and Rehabilitation, Faculty of Health and Life Sciences, Northumbria University, Northumberland Building, Newcastle upon Tyne NE1 8ST, UK

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Penny Louise Sheena Rumbold Department of Sport, Exercise and Rehabilitation, Faculty of Health and Life Sciences, Northumbria University, Northumberland Building, Newcastle upon Tyne NE1 8ST, UK

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exploring hormonal responses in studies concerning appetite, feeding behaviour and metabolism. In clinical and research practice, quantitative measures of appetite- and metabolism-related peptides have commonly been assessed using venepuncture or antecubital

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Svjatoslavs Kistkins Pauls Stradiņš Clinical University Hospital, Riga, Latvia

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Othmar Moser Division of Exercise Physiology and Metabolism, Institute of Sport Science, University of Bayreuth, Bayreuth, Germany

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Vitālijs Ankudovičs Pauls Stradiņš Clinical University Hospital, Riga, Latvia

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Dmitrijs Blizņuks Institute of Smart Computing Technologies, Riga Technical University, Riga, Latvia

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Timurs Mihailovs Institute of Smart Computing Technologies, Riga Technical University, Riga, Latvia

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Sergejs Lobanovs Pauls Stradiņš Clinical University Hospital, Riga, Latvia

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Harald Sourij Trials Unit for Interdisciplinary Metabolic Medicine, Division of Endocrinology and Diabetolgoy, Medical University of Graz, Graz, Austria

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Andreas F H Pfeiffer Department of Endocrinology and Metabolic Medicine, Campus Benjamin Franklin, Charité University Medicine, Hindenburgdamm, Berlin, Germany

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Valdis Pīrāgs Pauls Stradiņš Clinical University Hospital, Riga, Latvia
Faculty of Medicine, University of Latvia, Riga, Latvia

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intestinal endocrine cells is crucial to reduce appetite when it is physiologically needed within the hormonal changes in postprandial state. Moreover, studies showed that the withdrawal of long-acting incretin-based therapies may significantly regain body

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Mardia López-Alarcón Unidad de Investigación Médica en Nutrición, Hospital de Pediatría, Centro Médico Nacional Siglo XXI, Instituto Mexicano del Seguro Social, México, Mexico

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Jessie N Zurita-Cruz Unidad de Investigación Médica en Nutrición, Hospital de Pediatría, Centro Médico Nacional Siglo XXI, Instituto Mexicano del Seguro Social, México, Mexico

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Alonso Torres-Rodríguez Escuela Española de Desarrollo Transpersonal, Madrid, España

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Karla Bedia-Mejía Unidad de Investigación Médica en Nutrición, Hospital de Pediatría, Centro Médico Nacional Siglo XXI, Instituto Mexicano del Seguro Social, México, Mexico

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Manuel Pérez-Güemez Unidad de Investigación Médica en Nutrición, Hospital de Pediatría, Centro Médico Nacional Siglo XXI, Instituto Mexicano del Seguro Social, México, Mexico

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Leonel Jaramillo-Villanueva Departamento de Psiquiatría, Hospital de Pediatría, Centro Médico Nacional Siglo XXI, Instituto Mexicano del Seguro Social, México, Mexico

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Mario E Rendón-Macías Universidad Panamericana, Facultad de Ciencias de la Salud, Escuela de Medicina, México, Mexico

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Jose R Fernández Departments of Nutrition Sciences and Biostatistics, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama, USA

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Patricia Martínez-Maroñas Escuela Española de Desarrollo Transpersonal, Madrid, España

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stress, mindfulness may affect cortisol ( 11 ), which secondarily may affect some hormones involved in appetite regulation such as insulin ( 12 ), leptin and ghrelin ( 13 ). However, the results of these investigations are controversial ( 7 , 8 , 9

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Anette Lundqvist Department of Public Health and Clinical Medicine, Family Medicine, Umeå University, Umeå, Sweden

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Herbert Sandström Department of Public Health and Clinical Medicine, Family Medicine, Umeå University, Umeå, Sweden

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Torbjörn Bäckström Department of Clinical Sciences, Obstetrics and Gynecology, Umeå University, Umeå, Sweden

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energy homeostasis to modulate appetite in response to signals by blood-borne hormones and peptides from adipose tissue and gastrointestinal organs in a complicated process ( 13 , 40 ). Allopregnanolone is not a classical steroid hormone and does not

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