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Letícia Ribeiro Oliveira Interdisciplinary Group for Studies of Sex Determination and Differentiation (GIEDDS), School of Medical Sciences (FCM), State University of Campinas (UNICAMP), Campinas, Sao Paulo, Brazil
Department of Pediatrics, Federal University of Uberlandia (UFU), Uberlandia, Minas Gerais, Brazil

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Carlos Alberto Longui Pediatric Endocrinology Unit, School of Medical Sciences, Irmandade da Santa Casa de Misericordia de Sao Paulo, Sao Paulo, Brazil

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Guilherme Guaragna-Filho Interdisciplinary Group for Studies of Sex Determination and Differentiation (GIEDDS), School of Medical Sciences (FCM), State University of Campinas (UNICAMP), Campinas, Sao Paulo, Brazil
Department of Pediatrics, Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul (UFRGS), Porto Alegre, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil

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José Luiz Costa School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, UNICAMP, Campinas, Sao Paulo, Brazil
Poison Control Center, FCM, UNICAMP, Campinas, Sao Paulo, Brazil

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Rafael Lanaro Poison Control Center, FCM, UNICAMP, Campinas, Sao Paulo, Brazil

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David Antônio Silva Laboratory of Physiology, Division of Clinical Pathology, Clinical Hospital, UNICAMP, Campinas, Sao Paulo, Brazil

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Maria Izabel Chiamolera Fleury Group, Sao Paulo, Brazil

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Maricilda Palandi de Mello Interdisciplinary Group for Studies of Sex Determination and Differentiation (GIEDDS), School of Medical Sciences (FCM), State University of Campinas (UNICAMP), Campinas, Sao Paulo, Brazil
Laboratory of Human Molecular Genetics, Center for Molecular Biology and Genetics Engineering (CBMEG), UNICAMP, Campinas, Sao Paulo, Brazil

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André Moreno Morcillo Department of Pediatrics, FCM, UNICAMP, Campinas, Sao Paulo, Brazil

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Andrea Trevas Maciel-Guerra Interdisciplinary Group for Studies of Sex Determination and Differentiation (GIEDDS), School of Medical Sciences (FCM), State University of Campinas (UNICAMP), Campinas, Sao Paulo, Brazil
Department of Medical Genetics and Genomic Medicine, FCM, UNICAMP, Campinas, Sao Paulo, Brazil

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Gil Guerra-Junior Interdisciplinary Group for Studies of Sex Determination and Differentiation (GIEDDS), School of Medical Sciences (FCM), State University of Campinas (UNICAMP), Campinas, Sao Paulo, Brazil
Department of Pediatrics, FCM, UNICAMP, Campinas, Sao Paulo, Brazil

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subcutaneously by the main investigator of the study. IA data Hormones assessed at the two moments of the study were total testosterone, dihydrotestosterone (DHT), dehydroepiandrosterone (DHEA) and androstenedione. Each one was evaluated by IA and LC

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Supitcha Patjamontri Developmental Endocrinology Research Group, University of Glasgow, Royal Hospital for Children, Glasgow, UK
Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Department of Pediatrics, Faculty of Medicine Siriraj Hospital, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand

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Alexander Spiers MRC Centre for Environment and Health, Imperial College London, London, UK
NIHR Health Protection Research Unit on Chemical Radiation Threats and Hazards, Imperial College London, London, UK

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Rachel B Smith MRC Centre for Environment and Health, Imperial College London, London, UK
NIHR Health Protection Research Unit on Chemical Radiation Threats and Hazards, Imperial College London, London, UK
National Institute for Health Research (NIHR) Health Protection Research Unit in Environmental Exposures and Health, Imperial College London, London, UK
Mohn Centre for Children’s Health and Wellbeing, Imperial College London, London, UK

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Chen Shen MRC Centre for Environment and Health, Imperial College London, London, UK
NIHR Health Protection Research Unit on Chemical Radiation Threats and Hazards, Imperial College London, London, UK

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Jo Adaway Department of Clinical Biochemistry, Manchester University NHS Foundation Trust, Manchester Academic Health Science Centre, The University of Manchester, Manchester, UK

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Brian G Keevil Department of Clinical Biochemistry, Manchester University NHS Foundation Trust, Manchester Academic Health Science Centre, The University of Manchester, Manchester, UK

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Mireille B Toledano MRC Centre for Environment and Health, Imperial College London, London, UK
NIHR Health Protection Research Unit on Chemical Radiation Threats and Hazards, Imperial College London, London, UK
National Institute for Health Research (NIHR) Health Protection Research Unit in Environmental Exposures and Health, Imperial College London, London, UK
Mohn Centre for Children’s Health and Wellbeing, Imperial College London, London, UK

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S Faisal Ahmed Developmental Endocrinology Research Group, University of Glasgow, Royal Hospital for Children, Glasgow, UK

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and serum androgen concentrations from previous studies ( 4 , 5 , 6 ). Salivary testosterone has been described as a marker of diagnosis or therapeutic control in male hypogonadism ( 7 , 8 ). In addition, salivary testosterone, androstenedione (A4

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Ditte Sofie Dahl Sørensen Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Rigshospitalet, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark

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Jesper Krogh Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Rigshospitalet, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark

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Åse Krogh Rasmussen Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Rigshospitalet, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark

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Mikkel Andreassen Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Rigshospitalet, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark

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profiles in adult patients with 21-hydroxylase deficiency have shown a substantial circadian rhythm highly influenced by glucocorticoid replacement ( 6 ). Most recent clinical guideline from the US Endocrine Society suggests levels of androstenedione and 17

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Jana Ernst Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, Faculty of Medicine, Martin Luther University Halle-Wittenberg, Grosse Steinstrasse, Halle (Saale), Germany

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Katharina Gert Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, Faculty of Medicine, Martin Luther University Halle-Wittenberg, Grosse Steinstrasse, Halle (Saale), Germany

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Frank Bernhard Kraus Central Laboratory, University Hospital Halle (Saale), Ernst-Grube-Strasse, Halle (Saale), Germany

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Ulrike Elisabeth Rolle-Kampczyk Department of Molecular Systems Biology, Helmholtz Centre for Environmental Research Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany

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Martin Wabitsch Division of Pediatric Endocrinology and Diabetes, Department of Pediatrics and Adolescent Medicine, University Medical Center Ulm, Ulm, Germany

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Faramarz Dehghani Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, Faculty of Medicine, Martin Luther University Halle-Wittenberg, Grosse Steinstrasse, Halle (Saale), Germany

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Kristina Schaedlich Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, Faculty of Medicine, Martin Luther University Halle-Wittenberg, Grosse Steinstrasse, Halle (Saale), Germany

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an enzyme machinery enabling them for the de novo synthesis of steroid hormones from cholesterol ( 8 ). Androgenic steroids exhibit a positive gradient from blood to adipose tissue with the precursor androstenedione and dehydroepiandrosterone as

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Sandra R Dahl Hormone Laboratory, Department of Medical Biochemistry, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway

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Ingrid Nermoen Institute of Clinical Medicine, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
Division of Medicine, Akershus University Hospital, Lørenskog, Norway

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Ingeborg Brønstad National Centre for Ultrasound in Gastroenterology, Haukeland University Hospital, Bergen, Norway
Department of Clinical Medicine, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway

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Eystein S Husebye Department of Clinical Science, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway
K.G. Jebsen-Center for Autoimmune Diseases, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway
Department of Medicine, Haukeland University Hospital, Bergen, Norway

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Kristian Løvås Department of Clinical Science, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway
K.G. Jebsen-Center for Autoimmune Diseases, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway
Department of Medicine, Haukeland University Hospital, Bergen, Norway

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Per M Thorsby Hormone Laboratory, Department of Medical Biochemistry, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway

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assessment is not sensitive enough to identify subtle over- and under-treatment. Assay of the intermediates 17-hydroxyprogesterone (17OHP) and androstenedione is often used, but results are often difficult to interpret as cross-reactivity between steroids

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Thomas Reinehr Department of Pediatric Endocrinology, Diabetes, and Nutrition Medicine, Vestische Hospital for Children and Adolescents, University of Witten/Herdecke, Datteln, Germany

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Alexandra Kulle Division of Pediatric Endocrinology and Diabetes, Department of Pediatrics, University Hospital of Schleswig – Holstein, UKSH, Campus Kiel/Christian Albrechts University of Kiel, CAU, Kiel, Germany

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Juliane Rothermel Department of Pediatric Endocrinology, Diabetes, and Nutrition Medicine, Vestische Hospital for Children and Adolescents, University of Witten/Herdecke, Datteln, Germany

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Caroline Knop-Schmenn Department of Pediatric Endocrinology, Diabetes, and Nutrition Medicine, Vestische Hospital for Children and Adolescents, University of Witten/Herdecke, Datteln, Germany

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Nina Lass Department of Pediatric Endocrinology, Diabetes, and Nutrition Medicine, Vestische Hospital for Children and Adolescents, University of Witten/Herdecke, Datteln, Germany

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Christina Bosse Department of Pediatric Endocrinology, Diabetes, and Nutrition Medicine, Vestische Hospital for Children and Adolescents, University of Witten/Herdecke, Datteln, Germany

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Paul-Martin Holterhus Division of Pediatric Endocrinology and Diabetes, Department of Pediatrics, University Hospital of Schleswig – Holstein, UKSH, Campus Kiel/Christian Albrechts University of Kiel, CAU, Kiel, Germany

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, 21-deoxycorticosterone, deoxycorticosterone, corticosterone, 11-deoxycortisol, cortisol, cortisone, androstenedione, testosterone, dehydroepiandrostenedione sulfate (DHEA-S), estrone (E1), estradiol (E2), luteinizing hormone (LH), follicle

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Milène Tetsi Nomigni INSERM, University of Rouen, Department of Endocrinology, Departments of Endocrinology, Pathology, Department of Pathology, Department of Endocrinology, INSERM, U982, Laboratory of Neuronal and Neuroendocrine Differentiation and Communication, Institute for Research and Innovation in Biomedicine, Mont‐Saint‐Aignan, France
INSERM, University of Rouen, Department of Endocrinology, Departments of Endocrinology, Pathology, Department of Pathology, Department of Endocrinology, INSERM, U982, Laboratory of Neuronal and Neuroendocrine Differentiation and Communication, Institute for Research and Innovation in Biomedicine, Mont‐Saint‐Aignan, France

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Sophie Ouzounian INSERM, University of Rouen, Department of Endocrinology, Departments of Endocrinology, Pathology, Department of Pathology, Department of Endocrinology, INSERM, U982, Laboratory of Neuronal and Neuroendocrine Differentiation and Communication, Institute for Research and Innovation in Biomedicine, Mont‐Saint‐Aignan, France

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Alice Benoit INSERM, University of Rouen, Department of Endocrinology, Departments of Endocrinology, Pathology, Department of Pathology, Department of Endocrinology, INSERM, U982, Laboratory of Neuronal and Neuroendocrine Differentiation and Communication, Institute for Research and Innovation in Biomedicine, Mont‐Saint‐Aignan, France

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Jacqueline Vadrot INSERM, University of Rouen, Department of Endocrinology, Departments of Endocrinology, Pathology, Department of Pathology, Department of Endocrinology, INSERM, U982, Laboratory of Neuronal and Neuroendocrine Differentiation and Communication, Institute for Research and Innovation in Biomedicine, Mont‐Saint‐Aignan, France

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Frédérique Tissier INSERM, University of Rouen, Department of Endocrinology, Departments of Endocrinology, Pathology, Department of Pathology, Department of Endocrinology, INSERM, U982, Laboratory of Neuronal and Neuroendocrine Differentiation and Communication, Institute for Research and Innovation in Biomedicine, Mont‐Saint‐Aignan, France

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Sylvie Renouf INSERM, University of Rouen, Department of Endocrinology, Departments of Endocrinology, Pathology, Department of Pathology, Department of Endocrinology, INSERM, U982, Laboratory of Neuronal and Neuroendocrine Differentiation and Communication, Institute for Research and Innovation in Biomedicine, Mont‐Saint‐Aignan, France
INSERM, University of Rouen, Department of Endocrinology, Departments of Endocrinology, Pathology, Department of Pathology, Department of Endocrinology, INSERM, U982, Laboratory of Neuronal and Neuroendocrine Differentiation and Communication, Institute for Research and Innovation in Biomedicine, Mont‐Saint‐Aignan, France

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Hervé Lefebvre INSERM, University of Rouen, Department of Endocrinology, Departments of Endocrinology, Pathology, Department of Pathology, Department of Endocrinology, INSERM, U982, Laboratory of Neuronal and Neuroendocrine Differentiation and Communication, Institute for Research and Innovation in Biomedicine, Mont‐Saint‐Aignan, France
INSERM, University of Rouen, Department of Endocrinology, Departments of Endocrinology, Pathology, Department of Pathology, Department of Endocrinology, INSERM, U982, Laboratory of Neuronal and Neuroendocrine Differentiation and Communication, Institute for Research and Innovation in Biomedicine, Mont‐Saint‐Aignan, France
INSERM, University of Rouen, Department of Endocrinology, Departments of Endocrinology, Pathology, Department of Pathology, Department of Endocrinology, INSERM, U982, Laboratory of Neuronal and Neuroendocrine Differentiation and Communication, Institute for Research and Innovation in Biomedicine, Mont‐Saint‐Aignan, France

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Sophie Christin-Maitre INSERM, University of Rouen, Department of Endocrinology, Departments of Endocrinology, Pathology, Department of Pathology, Department of Endocrinology, INSERM, U982, Laboratory of Neuronal and Neuroendocrine Differentiation and Communication, Institute for Research and Innovation in Biomedicine, Mont‐Saint‐Aignan, France
INSERM, University of Rouen, Department of Endocrinology, Departments of Endocrinology, Pathology, Department of Pathology, Department of Endocrinology, INSERM, U982, Laboratory of Neuronal and Neuroendocrine Differentiation and Communication, Institute for Research and Innovation in Biomedicine, Mont‐Saint‐Aignan, France

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Estelle Louiset INSERM, University of Rouen, Department of Endocrinology, Departments of Endocrinology, Pathology, Department of Pathology, Department of Endocrinology, INSERM, U982, Laboratory of Neuronal and Neuroendocrine Differentiation and Communication, Institute for Research and Innovation in Biomedicine, Mont‐Saint‐Aignan, France
INSERM, University of Rouen, Department of Endocrinology, Departments of Endocrinology, Pathology, Department of Pathology, Department of Endocrinology, INSERM, U982, Laboratory of Neuronal and Neuroendocrine Differentiation and Communication, Institute for Research and Innovation in Biomedicine, Mont‐Saint‐Aignan, France

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were incubated with each secretagogue for 24 h at 37 °C. Cortisol, Δ4-androstenedione and testosterone secretions were quantified by RIA procedure using specific antibodies (Sigma–Aldrich) and tritiated steroid hormones (Perkin Elmer, Villebon

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Paal Methlie Department of Clinical Science, Department of Medicine, University of Bergen, N-5021 Bergen, Norway
Department of Clinical Science, Department of Medicine, University of Bergen, N-5021 Bergen, Norway

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Steinar Hustad Department of Clinical Science, Department of Medicine, University of Bergen, N-5021 Bergen, Norway

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Ralf Kellman Department of Clinical Science, Department of Medicine, University of Bergen, N-5021 Bergen, Norway

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Bjørg Almås Department of Clinical Science, Department of Medicine, University of Bergen, N-5021 Bergen, Norway

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Martina M Erichsen Department of Clinical Science, Department of Medicine, University of Bergen, N-5021 Bergen, Norway

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Eystein S Husebye Department of Clinical Science, Department of Medicine, University of Bergen, N-5021 Bergen, Norway
Department of Clinical Science, Department of Medicine, University of Bergen, N-5021 Bergen, Norway

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Kristian Løvås Department of Clinical Science, Department of Medicine, University of Bergen, N-5021 Bergen, Norway
Department of Clinical Science, Department of Medicine, University of Bergen, N-5021 Bergen, Norway

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, 11-deoxycortisol (11DOC), testosterone, androstenedione, 17α-hydroxyprogesterone (17OHP) and progesterone were obtained from Steraloids, Inc. (Newport, RI, USA), and DXM was obtained from Alfa Aesar (Ward Hill, MA, USA). The deuterated internal

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Liza Haqq School of Science and Technology, University of New England, Armidale, New South Wales 2351, Australia

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James McFarlane School of Science and Technology, University of New England, Armidale, New South Wales 2351, Australia

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Gudrun Dieberg School of Science and Technology, University of New England, Armidale, New South Wales 2351, Australia

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Neil Smart School of Science and Technology, University of New England, Armidale, New South Wales 2351, Australia

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resistance and hyperinsulinaemia, but these two features are also present in lean women with PCOS (5, 6) . Hormonal manifestations include elevated levels of androgens (testosterone, DHEA and androstenedione), oestrogens and prolactin. Occasionally, thyroid

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Mojca Jensterle Department of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolic Diseases, University Medical Centre, Ljubljana, Slovenia
University of Ljubljana, Faculty of Medicine, Ljubljana, Slovenia

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Nika Aleksandra Kravos Department of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolic Diseases, University Medical Centre, Ljubljana, Slovenia
University of Ljubljana, Faculty of Medicine, Ljubljana, Slovenia

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Simona Ferjan Department of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolic Diseases, University Medical Centre, Ljubljana, Slovenia
University of Ljubljana, Faculty of Medicine, Ljubljana, Slovenia

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Katja Goricar University of Ljubljana, Faculty of Medicine, Institute of Biochemistry, Pharmacogenetics Laboratory, Ljubljana, Slovenia

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Vita Dolzan University of Ljubljana, Faculty of Medicine, Institute of Biochemistry, Pharmacogenetics Laboratory, Ljubljana, Slovenia

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Andrej Janez Department of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolic Diseases, University Medical Centre, Ljubljana, Slovenia
University of Ljubljana, Faculty of Medicine, Ljubljana, Slovenia

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pressure, menstrual frequency, fasting glucose, androstenedione, dehydroepiandrosterone sulphate (DHEAS), free and total testosterone, follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH), luteinizing hormone (LH) were identified at baseline and at every follow-up visit at 1

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