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Deutsches Herzzentrum München, Technische Universität München, DZHK (German Centre for Cardiovascular Research), Partner Site Munich Heart Alliance, Munich, Germany
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Lehrstuhl für Experimentelle Genetik, Technische Universität München, Freising-Weihenstephan, Germany
Department of Biochemistry, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
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German Center for Cardiovascular Research (DZHK), Partner Site Hamburg/Kiel/Lübeck, Germany
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German Centre for Cardiovascular Research (DZHK), Partner Site Munich, Munich, Germany
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Introduction SHBG and sex hormones (e.g. androgens) have been shown to have deleterious or protective health effects, in particular in advanced age, and may account for some of the sex differences observed in cardiometabolic diseases and
Department of Clinical Science, Department of Medicine, University of Bergen, N-5021 Bergen, Norway
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Department of Clinical Science, Department of Medicine, University of Bergen, N-5021 Bergen, Norway
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Department of Clinical Science, Department of Medicine, University of Bergen, N-5021 Bergen, Norway
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Introduction Glucocorticoid and androgen hormone measurements play a decisive role in the diagnosis and management of many disorders of the hypothalamic–pituitary–adrenal (HPA) axis and gonads. Examples include Addison's disease (AD), Cushing
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parallel, differentiation of the female and male external genitalia begins at GW7 and is completed by GW10, during which period, an overabundance of androgens can lead to abnormal male-directed development referred to as virilization ( 3 ). Deficient
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tissues, particularly on adipose tissue. The sexual dimorphism of androgens in the pathophysiology of T2DM is emphasized. Sex hormone differences between the sexes Males and females produce the same steroid hormones in a similar way. Regarding
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. However, the thyroid-prostate relationship has been poorly studied in the fields of endocrinology or cancer. This can be explained by the fact that thyroid function in non-metabolic tissues had been underestimated for a long time. Androgens and not THs are
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individuals will require treatment with an additional anti-androgen drug. Anti-androgens such as cyproterone acetate or spironolactone are commonly added to oestradiol, lowering or blocking the effects of testosterone to aid development of feminising physical
Tropical Institute of Reproductive Medicine and Menopause, Cuiabá, Mato Grosso, Brazil
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Tropical Institute of Reproductive Medicine and Menopause, Cuiabá, Mato Grosso, Brazil
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Tropical Institute of Reproductive Medicine and Menopause, Cuiabá, Mato Grosso, Brazil
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Introduction After standardization of the diagnostic criteria for polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) the hyperandrogenemic phenotype has been found in nearly 80% of patients ( 1 , 2 ). These hyperandrogenemic patients may have their androgen
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Introduction Polycystic ovarian syndrome (PCOS) is a heterogeneous syndrome that is characterized by features of anovulation (amenorrhea and oligomenorrhea) combined with symptoms of androgen excess (hirsutism, acne and alopecia) ( 1 ). The
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studies suggests that there is no inherent T2DM risk in PCOS and that, instead, it is a result of either increased BMI, of androgens, and/or of low sex hormone-binding globulin (SHBG) values ( 10 ). However, PCOS constitutes a polygenic trait and the
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affecting the normal structure and function of the adrenal gland, leading to a deficiency in glucocorticoid, mineralocorticoid and adrenal androgens ( 2 ). Secondary adrenal insufficiency (SAI) occurs due to impairment of the hypothalamus