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androgen levels in the circulation result from an exceeding and dysregulated production of androgens by classical steroidogenic organs ( 6 , 7 ). Classical steroidogenic organs such as the adrenal gland and the gonads are characterized by the presence of
Sahlgrenska Osteoporosis Centre, Center for Bone and Arthritis Research (CBAR), Department of Internal Medicine and Clinical Nutrition, Institute of Medicine, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
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Sahlgrenska Osteoporosis Centre, Center for Bone and Arthritis Research (CBAR), Department of Internal Medicine and Clinical Nutrition, Institute of Medicine, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
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Sahlgrenska Osteoporosis Centre, Center for Bone and Arthritis Research (CBAR), Department of Internal Medicine and Clinical Nutrition, Institute of Medicine, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
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Department of Endocrinology, Skaraborg Central Hospital, Skövde, Sweden
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converted by 3β-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase isoenzymes into 4D, which can be further metabolized via 17β-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase isoenzymes to the potent androgen testosterone. Furthermore, 4D and testosterone can be converted by aromatase to the
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hypogonadal and transgender men. The present study features individual dose titration based on the durability of androgen effects such as surveillance for recurrence of the patient's own characteristic lead symptoms together with the trough serum
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Introduction Prostate cancer (PC) is one of the most common forms of cancer and a leading cause of cancer-related deaths in men worldwide ( 1 ). Androgens regulate normal and malignant prostate tissue growth via activation of androgen receptor
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outcomes, several lines of evidence suggest that low testosterone levels are associated with adverse events including higher cardiovascular and all-cause mortality ( 15 , 16 , 17 , 18 ). In this context, it should be noted that androgen and vitamin D
INSERM, University of Rouen, Department of Endocrinology, Departments of Endocrinology, Pathology, Department of Pathology, Department of Endocrinology, INSERM, U982, Laboratory of Neuronal and Neuroendocrine Differentiation and Communication, Institute for Research and Innovation in Biomedicine, Mont‐Saint‐Aignan, France
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INSERM, University of Rouen, Department of Endocrinology, Departments of Endocrinology, Pathology, Department of Pathology, Department of Endocrinology, INSERM, U982, Laboratory of Neuronal and Neuroendocrine Differentiation and Communication, Institute for Research and Innovation in Biomedicine, Mont‐Saint‐Aignan, France
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INSERM, University of Rouen, Department of Endocrinology, Departments of Endocrinology, Pathology, Department of Pathology, Department of Endocrinology, INSERM, U982, Laboratory of Neuronal and Neuroendocrine Differentiation and Communication, Institute for Research and Innovation in Biomedicine, Mont‐Saint‐Aignan, France
INSERM, University of Rouen, Department of Endocrinology, Departments of Endocrinology, Pathology, Department of Pathology, Department of Endocrinology, INSERM, U982, Laboratory of Neuronal and Neuroendocrine Differentiation and Communication, Institute for Research and Innovation in Biomedicine, Mont‐Saint‐Aignan, France
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INSERM, University of Rouen, Department of Endocrinology, Departments of Endocrinology, Pathology, Department of Pathology, Department of Endocrinology, INSERM, U982, Laboratory of Neuronal and Neuroendocrine Differentiation and Communication, Institute for Research and Innovation in Biomedicine, Mont‐Saint‐Aignan, France
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INSERM, University of Rouen, Department of Endocrinology, Departments of Endocrinology, Pathology, Department of Pathology, Department of Endocrinology, INSERM, U982, Laboratory of Neuronal and Neuroendocrine Differentiation and Communication, Institute for Research and Innovation in Biomedicine, Mont‐Saint‐Aignan, France
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hyperandrogenism, after exclusion of other pathologies such as 21-hydroxylase (OH) deficiency, androgen-secreting tumors or Cushing's syndrome (4) . Androgen-secreting tumors are typically ovarian or adrenal tumors. They represent less than 0.2% of
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important sex hormones, androgens seem to exert most of their biological actions through the AR. Furthermore, ARs are present in colorectal tissue and reportedly participate in the differentiation, proliferation and progression of CRC tissues ( 5 , 6
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males are generally spared; treatment of females with androgens prevents the progression of nephritis while castration of males results in disease progression and mortality (1, 2, 3) . Clinical evidence in human disease also suggests that androgens can
Department of Surgery, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
Department of Urology, Royal Melbourne Hospital, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
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Department of Urology, Royal Melbourne Hospital, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
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Department of Urology, Royal Melbourne Hospital, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
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Australian Prostate Cancer Research Centre Epworth, Richmond, Victoria, Australia
Ontario Institute for Cancer Research, Toronto, Canada
Princess Margaret Cancer Centre, University Health Network, Toronto, Canada
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Peter MacCallum Cancer Centre, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
Department of Medical Biology, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
Sir Peter MacCallum Department of Oncology, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
Department of Mathematics and Statistics, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
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Department of Urology, Royal Melbourne Hospital, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
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Department of Urology, Royal Melbourne Hospital, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
Department of Urology, Frankston Hospital, Frankston, Victoria, Australia
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Introduction For over 80 years, androgen deprivation by surgical or medical castration has been the cornerstone of treatment for advanced prostate cancer ( 1 ). As new cytotoxic and androgen receptor-targeted therapies have been developed
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Deutsches Herzzentrum München, Technische Universität München, DZHK (German Centre for Cardiovascular Research), Partner Site Munich Heart Alliance, Munich, Germany
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Lehrstuhl für Experimentelle Genetik, Technische Universität München, Freising-Weihenstephan, Germany
Department of Biochemistry, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
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German Center for Cardiovascular Research (DZHK), Partner Site Hamburg/Kiel/Lübeck, Germany
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German Centre for Cardiovascular Research (DZHK), Partner Site Munich, Munich, Germany
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Introduction SHBG and sex hormones (e.g. androgens) have been shown to have deleterious or protective health effects, in particular in advanced age, and may account for some of the sex differences observed in cardiometabolic diseases and