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I Azzam Institute of Endocrinology, Metabolism and Hypertension, Tel Aviv-Sourasky Medical Center, Tel Aviv, Israel

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S Gilad Institute of Endocrinology, Metabolism and Hypertension, Tel Aviv-Sourasky Medical Center, Tel Aviv, Israel

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R Limor Institute of Endocrinology, Metabolism and Hypertension, Tel Aviv-Sourasky Medical Center, Tel Aviv, Israel

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N Stern Institute of Endocrinology, Metabolism and Hypertension, Tel Aviv-Sourasky Medical Center, Tel Aviv, Israel
Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel

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Y Greenman Institute of Endocrinology, Metabolism and Hypertension, Tel Aviv-Sourasky Medical Center, Tel Aviv, Israel
Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel

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Introduction Ghrelin is a major regulator of food intake, energy balance and body weight ( 1 ). The active form of ghrelin, acyl-ghrelin, is the endogenous ligand for the growth hormone secretagogue receptor (GHSR)1a ( 2 ). Since its cloning

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Caishun Zhang Special Medicine Department, College of Basic Medicine, Qingdao University, Qingdao, China

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Junhua Yuan Special Medicine Department, College of Basic Medicine, Qingdao University, Qingdao, China

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Qian Lin Special Medicine Department, College of Basic Medicine, Qingdao University, Qingdao, China

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Manwen Li Special Medicine Department, College of Basic Medicine, Qingdao University, Qingdao, China

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Liuxin Wang Hyperbaric Oxygen Therapy Department, Yuhuangding Hospital Affiliated to Qingdao University, Yantai, China

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Rui Wang Special Medicine Department, College of Basic Medicine, Qingdao University, Qingdao, China

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Xi Chen Physiology Department, College of Basic Medicine, Qingdao University, Qingdao, China

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Zhengyao Jiang Physiology Department, College of Basic Medicine, Qingdao University, Qingdao, China

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Kun Zhu Intensive Care Unit Department, Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University, Qingdao, China

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Xiaoli Chang Institute of Acupuncture, Shandong University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Jinan, China

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Bin Wang Special Medicine Department, College of Basic Medicine, Qingdao University, Qingdao, China
Medical Microbiology Department, College of Basic Medicine, Qingdao University, Qingdao, China

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Jing Dong Special Medicine Department, College of Basic Medicine, Qingdao University, Qingdao, China
Physiology Department, College of Basic Medicine, Qingdao University, Qingdao, China

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Genetic studies on the ghrelin, growth hormone secretagogue receptor (GHSR) and ghrelin O-acyl transferase (GOAT) genes . Peptides 2011 32 2191 – 2 2 07 . ( https://doi.org/10.1016/j.peptides.2011.09.006 ) 9 Kageyama H kitamura Y Hosono T

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Jiaxi Li Department of Physiology, Xiangya School of Medicine, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China

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Pu Huang Department of Health Management Center, Changsha Central Hospital, University of South China, Changsha, Hunan, China

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Jing Xiong Department of Endocrinology, Xiangya Third Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China

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Xinyue Liang Department of Physiology, Xiangya School of Medicine, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China

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Mei Li Department of Physiology, Xiangya School of Medicine, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China

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Hao Ke Department of Physiology, Xiangya School of Medicine, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China

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Chunli Chen Department of Dermatology, Xiangya Third Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China

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Yang Han Department of Physiology, Xiangya School of Medicine, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China

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Yanhong Huang Department of Physiology, Xiangya School of Medicine, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China

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Yan Zhou Department of Physiology, Xiangya School of Medicine, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China

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Ziqiang Luo Department of Physiology, Xiangya School of Medicine, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China
Hunan Key Laboratory of Organ Fibrosis, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China

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Dandan Feng Department of Physiology, Xiangya School of Medicine, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China
Hunan Key Laboratory of Organ Fibrosis, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China

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Chen Chen School of Biomedical Sciences, University of Queensland, St Lucia, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia

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state by ghrelin O-acetyltransferase, ghrelin is divided into acyl ghrelin and des-acyl ghrelin. The ratio of two is 1:10 in plasma and 2:1 in the stomach ( 2 ). In adults, ghrelin is mainly produced by gastrointestinal endocrine cells ( 1 ). In addition

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Roxanne C S van Adrichem Department of Internal Medicine, Sector of Endocrinology, ENETS Centre of Excellence for Neuroendocrine Tumors, Erasmus MC, Rotterdam, The Netherlands

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Aart Jan van der Lely Department of Internal Medicine, Erasmus MC, Rotterdam, The Netherlands

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Martin Huisman Department of Internal Medicine, Erasmus MC, Rotterdam, The Netherlands

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Piet Kramer Department of Internal Medicine, Erasmus MC, Rotterdam, The Netherlands

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Richard A Feelders Department of Internal Medicine, Sector of Endocrinology, ENETS Centre of Excellence for Neuroendocrine Tumors, Erasmus MC, Rotterdam, The Netherlands

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Patric J D Delhanty Department of Internal Medicine, Erasmus MC, Rotterdam, The Netherlands

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Wouter W de Herder Department of Internal Medicine, Sector of Endocrinology, ENETS Centre of Excellence for Neuroendocrine Tumors, Erasmus MC, Rotterdam, The Netherlands

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.01.017 ) 9 Delhanty PJ Neggers SJ van der Lely AJ Mechanisms in endocrinology: Ghrelin: the differences between acyl- and des-acyl ghrelin . European Journal of Endocrinology 2012 167 601 – 608 . ( doi:10.1530/EJE-12

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Esben Thyssen Vestergaard Medical Research Laboratories, Department of Endocrinology and Diabetes, Department of Pediatrics, Department of Endocrinology and Diabetes, Institute of Clinical Medicine, Aarhus University, Norrebrogade 44, DK-8000 Aarhus C, Denmark
Medical Research Laboratories, Department of Endocrinology and Diabetes, Department of Pediatrics, Department of Endocrinology and Diabetes, Institute of Clinical Medicine, Aarhus University, Norrebrogade 44, DK-8000 Aarhus C, Denmark
Medical Research Laboratories, Department of Endocrinology and Diabetes, Department of Pediatrics, Department of Endocrinology and Diabetes, Institute of Clinical Medicine, Aarhus University, Norrebrogade 44, DK-8000 Aarhus C, Denmark

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Morten B Krag Medical Research Laboratories, Department of Endocrinology and Diabetes, Department of Pediatrics, Department of Endocrinology and Diabetes, Institute of Clinical Medicine, Aarhus University, Norrebrogade 44, DK-8000 Aarhus C, Denmark

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Morten M Poulsen Medical Research Laboratories, Department of Endocrinology and Diabetes, Department of Pediatrics, Department of Endocrinology and Diabetes, Institute of Clinical Medicine, Aarhus University, Norrebrogade 44, DK-8000 Aarhus C, Denmark

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Steen B Pedersen Medical Research Laboratories, Department of Endocrinology and Diabetes, Department of Pediatrics, Department of Endocrinology and Diabetes, Institute of Clinical Medicine, Aarhus University, Norrebrogade 44, DK-8000 Aarhus C, Denmark

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Niels Moller Medical Research Laboratories, Department of Endocrinology and Diabetes, Department of Pediatrics, Department of Endocrinology and Diabetes, Institute of Clinical Medicine, Aarhus University, Norrebrogade 44, DK-8000 Aarhus C, Denmark
Medical Research Laboratories, Department of Endocrinology and Diabetes, Department of Pediatrics, Department of Endocrinology and Diabetes, Institute of Clinical Medicine, Aarhus University, Norrebrogade 44, DK-8000 Aarhus C, Denmark

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Jens Otto Lunde Jorgensen Medical Research Laboratories, Department of Endocrinology and Diabetes, Department of Pediatrics, Department of Endocrinology and Diabetes, Institute of Clinical Medicine, Aarhus University, Norrebrogade 44, DK-8000 Aarhus C, Denmark
Medical Research Laboratories, Department of Endocrinology and Diabetes, Department of Pediatrics, Department of Endocrinology and Diabetes, Institute of Clinical Medicine, Aarhus University, Norrebrogade 44, DK-8000 Aarhus C, Denmark

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Niels Jessen Medical Research Laboratories, Department of Endocrinology and Diabetes, Department of Pediatrics, Department of Endocrinology and Diabetes, Institute of Clinical Medicine, Aarhus University, Norrebrogade 44, DK-8000 Aarhus C, Denmark
Medical Research Laboratories, Department of Endocrinology and Diabetes, Department of Pediatrics, Department of Endocrinology and Diabetes, Institute of Clinical Medicine, Aarhus University, Norrebrogade 44, DK-8000 Aarhus C, Denmark

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in the antecubital region for infusions and one was placed in a contralateral dorsal hand vein for arterialized blood sampling. Preparation of synthetic ghrelin: synthetic human acyl ghrelin (NeoMPS, Strasbourg, France) was dissolved in isotonic

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Kathryn L Gatford Robinson Research Institute, The University of Adelaide, Adelaide, Australia
Adelaide Medical School, The University of Adelaide, Adelaide, Australia

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Beverly S Muhlhausler FOOD plus Research Centre, School of Agriculture, Food and Wine, The University of Adelaide, Adelaide, Australia

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Lili Huang School of Biomedical Sciences, University of Queensland, St Lucia, Brisbane, Australia

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Pamela Su-Lin Sim FOOD plus Research Centre, School of Agriculture, Food and Wine, The University of Adelaide, Adelaide, Australia

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Claire T Roberts Robinson Research Institute, The University of Adelaide, Adelaide, Australia
Adelaide Medical School, The University of Adelaide, Adelaide, Australia

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Johannes D Velhuis Endocrine Research Unit, Mayo School of Graduate Medical Education, Center for Translational Science Activities, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota, USA

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Chen Chen School of Biomedical Sciences, University of Queensland, St Lucia, Brisbane, Australia

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reduction in adult weight of 40–45% ( 38 ). Loss of total or acyl-ghrelin also reduces GH secretion in mice, albeit to a lesser extent ( 39 , 40 ). Intriguingly, litter size is more than halved in homozygous females lacking GHRH, and neonatal mortality is

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Shin-ya Ueda Department of Acupuncture, Morinomiya University of Medical Sciences, Osaka, Japan

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Hidehiro Nakahara Department of Acupuncture, Morinomiya University of Medical Sciences, Osaka, Japan

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Eriko Kawai Department of Environmental Physiology for Exercise, Osaka City University Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka, Japan

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Tatsuya Usui Department of Elementary and Preschool Education, Osaka Seikei College, Osaka, Japan

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Shintaro Tsuji Department of Elementary and Preschool Education, Osaka Seikei College, Osaka, Japan

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Tadayoshi Miyamoto Department of Acupuncture, Morinomiya University of Medical Sciences, Osaka, Japan

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.04.018 ) 10.1016/j.appet.2013.04.018 23624293 35 Stengel A Goebel M Wang L Taché Y . Ghrelin, des-acyl ghrelin and nesfatin-1 in gastric X/A-like cells: role as regulators of food intake and body weight . Peptides 2010 31 357 – 369

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Chiara Mele Division of Endocrinology, Department of Translational Medicine, University of Piemonte Orientale, Novara, Italy
Division of General Medicine, Istituto Auxologico Italiano, IRCCS, S. Giuseppe Hospital, Piancavallo di Oggebbio (VB), Italy

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Maria Teresa Samà Division of Endocrinology, University Hospital ‘Maggiore della Carità’, Novara, Italy

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Alessandro Angelo Bisoffi Division of Endocrinology, Department of Translational Medicine, University of Piemonte Orientale, Novara, Italy

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Marina Caputo Division of Endocrinology, Department of Translational Medicine, University of Piemonte Orientale, Novara, Italy

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Valentina Bullara Division of Endocrinology, University Hospital ‘Maggiore della Carità’, Novara, Italy

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Stefania Mai Laboratory of Metabolic Research, Istituto Auxologico Italiano, IRCCS, S. Giuseppe Hospital, Piancavallo di Oggebbio (VB), Italy

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Gillian Elisabeth Walker Department of Health Sciences, University of Piemonte Orientale, Novara, Italy

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Flavia Prodam Department of Health Sciences, University of Piemonte Orientale, Novara, Italy

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Paolo Marzullo Division of Endocrinology, Department of Translational Medicine, University of Piemonte Orientale, Novara, Italy
Division of General Medicine, Istituto Auxologico Italiano, IRCCS, S. Giuseppe Hospital, Piancavallo di Oggebbio (VB), Italy

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Gianluca Aimaretti Division of Endocrinology, Department of Translational Medicine, University of Piemonte Orientale, Novara, Italy

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Loredana Pagano Division of Endocrinology, Department of Translational Medicine, University of Piemonte Orientale, Novara, Italy
Division of Endocrinology, Diabetology and Metabolism, Department of Medical Sciences, University of Turin, Turin, Italy

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://doi.org/10.1210/er.2006-0001 ) 54 Delhanty PJ Neggers SJ van der Lely AJ . Des-acyl ghrelin: a metabolically active peptide . Endocrine Development 2013 25 . ( https://doi.org/10.1159/000346059 ) 23652397 55 Cassoni P Allia E Marrocco T

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Jelena Stankovic Department of Endocrinology and Internal Medicine, Aarhus University Hospital, Aarhus, Denmark

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Kurt Kristensen Steno Diabetes Center Aarhus (SDCA), Aarhus University Hospital, Aarhus, Denmark
Department of Pediatrics, Aarhus University Hospital, Aarhus, Denmark

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Niels Birkebæk Department of Pediatrics, Aarhus University Hospital, Aarhus, Denmark

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Jens Otto Lunde Jørgensen Department of Endocrinology and Internal Medicine, Aarhus University Hospital, Aarhus, Denmark

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Esben Søndergaard Department of Endocrinology and Internal Medicine, Aarhus University Hospital, Aarhus, Denmark
Steno Diabetes Center Aarhus (SDCA), Aarhus University Hospital, Aarhus, Denmark

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anterior pituitary hormones in healthy volunteers . Pituitary 2021 24 555 – 563 . ( https://doi.org/10.1007/s11102-021-01132-9 ) 48 Vestergaard ET Møller N Andersen RF Rittig S & Jørgensen JOL . Acute intravenous acyl ghrelin infusion

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