Kevin D Cashman
Kevin D Cashman
Cork Centre for Vitamin D and Nutrition Research, School of Food and Nutritional Sciences, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland
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Introduction Vitamin D is set to very soon become a centenarian among the vitamin family. It has received an extraordinary level of increased research interest and effort in the last few decades, with PubMed showing the number of articles with
Glenville Jones
Glenville Jones
Department of Biomedical and Molecular Sciences, Queen’s University, Kingston, Ontario, Canada
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Introduction The history of vitamin D is a rich and storied subject and is now over 350 years old. It began in the early 1600s with the first descriptions of the human deficiency disease: rickets in children and osteomalacia in adults. Of
Niek F Dirks
Niek F Dirks
Atalmedial Diagnostics Centre, Spaarne Gasthuis, Haarlem, The Netherlands
Department of Clinical Chemistry, Hematology and Immunology, Noordwest Ziekenhuis, Alkmaar, The Netherlands
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Department of Clinical Chemistry, Hematology and Immunology, Noordwest Ziekenhuis, Alkmaar, The Netherlands
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Etienne Cavalier
Etienne Cavalier
Department of Clinical Chemistry, University of Liège, CHU de Liège, Liège, Belgium
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Annemieke C Heijboer
Annemieke C Heijboer
Amsterdam UMC location Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Department of Clinical Chemistry, Endocrine Laboratory, Boelelaan, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
Amsterdam Gastroenterology, Endocrinology & Metabolism, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
Amsterdam UMC location University of Amsterdam, Department of Clinical Chemistry, Endocrine Laboratory, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
Amsterdam Reproduction & Development Research Institute, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
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Amsterdam Gastroenterology, Endocrinology & Metabolism, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
Amsterdam UMC location University of Amsterdam, Department of Clinical Chemistry, Endocrine Laboratory, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
Amsterdam Reproduction & Development Research Institute, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
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Introduction The percentage of people considered vitamin D deficient is ever-growing as a consequence of depletion of sufficient amounts of sunlight by our changing ways of life ( 1 ). Because of this, and as a consequence of the increasing
Jane Fletcher
Jane Fletcher
Nutrition Nurses, University Hospitals Birmingham NHS Trust, Queen Elizabeth Hospital Birmingham, Mindelsohn Way, Edgbaston, Birmingham, UK
School of Nursing, Institute of Clinical Sciences, University of Birmingham, Edgbaston, Birmingham, UK
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School of Nursing, Institute of Clinical Sciences, University of Birmingham, Edgbaston, Birmingham, UK
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Emma L Bishop
Emma L Bishop
Institute of Immunology and Immunotherapy, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, UK
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Stephanie R Harrison
Stephanie R Harrison
Leeds Institute of Rheumatic and Musculoskeletal Medicine, Chapel Allerton Hospital, Leeds, UK
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Amelia Swift
Amelia Swift
School of Nursing, Institute of Clinical Sciences, University of Birmingham, Edgbaston, Birmingham, UK
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Sheldon C Cooper
Sheldon C Cooper
Gastroenterology Department, University Hospitals Birmingham NHS Trust, Queen Elizabeth Hospital Birmingham, Mindelsohn Way, Edgbaston, Birmingham, UK
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Sarah K Dimeloe
Sarah K Dimeloe
Institute of Immunology and Immunotherapy, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, UK
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Karim Raza
Karim Raza
Institute of Inflammation and Ageing, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, UK
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Martin Hewison
Martin Hewison
Institute of Metabolism and Systems Research, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, UK
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Introduction Vitamin D and its metabolites are secosteroids that are derived primarily from the action of UV light on skin to photolytically convert epidermal 7-dehydrocholesterol to vitamin D3 (cholecalciferol). Vitamin D3 can also be
Mohammed S Razzaque
Mohammed S Razzaque
Department of Pathology, Lake Erie College of Osteopathic Medicine, Erie, Pennsylvania, USA
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Vitamin D metabolism Vitamin D regulates mineral ion homeostasis and skeletogenesis ( 1 ). The synthesis process of vitamin D initiates in the skin and is processed further in the liver and kidney to generate bioactive vitamin D. The
Johanna Öberg
Johanna Öberg
Tromso Endocrine Research Group, Department of Clinical Medicine, UiT The Arctic University of Norway, Tromso, Norway
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Rolf Jorde
Rolf Jorde
Tromso Endocrine Research Group, Department of Clinical Medicine, UiT The Arctic University of Norway, Tromso, Norway
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Yngve Figenschau
Yngve Figenschau
Tromso Endocrine Research Group, Department of Clinical Medicine, UiT The Arctic University of Norway, Tromso, Norway
Diagnostic Clinic, University Hospital of North Norway, Tromso, Norway
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Diagnostic Clinic, University Hospital of North Norway, Tromso, Norway
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Per Medbøe Thorsby
Per Medbøe Thorsby
Hormone Laboratory, Department of Medical Biochemistry and Biochemical Endocrinology and Metabolism Research Group, Oslo University Hospital, Aker, Oslo, Norway
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Sandra Rinne Dahl
Sandra Rinne Dahl
Hormone Laboratory, Department of Medical Biochemistry and Biochemical Endocrinology and Metabolism Research Group, Oslo University Hospital, Aker, Oslo, Norway
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Anne Winther
Anne Winther
Division of Neurosciences, Orthopedics and Rehabilitation Services, University Hospital of North Norway, Tromso, Norway
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Guri Grimnes
Guri Grimnes
Tromso Endocrine Research Group, Department of Clinical Medicine, UiT The Arctic University of Norway, Tromso, Norway
Division of Internal Medicine, University Hospital of North Norway, Tromso, Norway
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Division of Internal Medicine, University Hospital of North Norway, Tromso, Norway
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group is quite common in some countries, including Norway ( 5 ), it is important to understand how such use affects vitamin D metabolism, and how to interpret 25(OH)D measurements in this population. The effect of HC use on 25(OH)D levels is so far not
Göran Oleröd
Göran Oleröd
Department of Clinical Chemistry and Transfusion Medicine, Sahlgrenska Academy at the University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
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Lillemor Mattsson Hultén
Lillemor Mattsson Hultén
Department of Clinical Chemistry, Sahlgrenska University Hospital, Gothenburg, Sweden
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Ola Hammarsten
Ola Hammarsten
Department of Clinical Chemistry and Transfusion Medicine, Sahlgrenska Academy at the University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
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Eva Klingberg
Eva Klingberg
Department of Rheumatology and Inflammation Research, Sahlgrenska Academy at the University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
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Introduction Vitamin D is essential for the calcium homeostasis and bone health and also of importance for the immune function, muscles and the cardiovascular system. Vitamin D3 is mainly produced in the skin after ultraviolet radiation, but
Julia Kubiak
Julia Kubiak
Tromsø Endocrine Research Group, Department of Clinical Medicine, UiT The Arctic University of Norway, Tromsø, Norway
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Per Medbøe Thorsby
Per Medbøe Thorsby
Department of Medical Biochemistry, Per Medbøe Thorsby, Hormone Laboratory, Oslo University Hospital, Aker, Norway
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Elena Kamycheva
Elena Kamycheva
Tromsø Endocrine Research Group, Department of Clinical Medicine, UiT The Arctic University of Norway, Tromsø, Norway
Division of Internal Medicine, University Hospital of North Norway, Tromsø, Norway
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Division of Internal Medicine, University Hospital of North Norway, Tromsø, Norway
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Rolf Jorde
Rolf Jorde
Tromsø Endocrine Research Group, Department of Clinical Medicine, UiT The Arctic University of Norway, Tromsø, Norway
Division of Internal Medicine, University Hospital of North Norway, Tromsø, Norway
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Division of Internal Medicine, University Hospital of North Norway, Tromsø, Norway
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Introduction It is widely acknowledged that the vitamin D receptor (VDR), and the enzymes necessary for the hydroxylation of vitamin D to 25-hydroxyvitamin D (25(OH)D) and to the active form 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D (1,25(OH) 2 D) are located
Amarjit Saini
Amarjit Saini
Division of Clinical Physiology, Department of Laboratory Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden
Unit of Clinical Physiology, Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden
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Unit of Clinical Physiology, Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden
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Linda Björkhem-Bergman
Linda Björkhem-Bergman
Division of Clinical Geriatrics, Departments of Neurobiology, Care Sciences and Neurobiology, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
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Johan Boström
Johan Boström
Division of Clinical Physiology, Department of Laboratory Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden
Unit of Clinical Physiology, Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden
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Unit of Clinical Physiology, Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden
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Mats Lilja
Mats Lilja
Division of Clinical Physiology, Department of Laboratory Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden
Unit of Clinical Physiology, Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden
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Unit of Clinical Physiology, Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden
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Michael Melin
Michael Melin
Division of Clinical Physiology, Department of Laboratory Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden
Unit of Clinical Physiology, Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden
Unit of Cardiology, Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden
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Unit of Clinical Physiology, Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden
Unit of Cardiology, Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden
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Karl Olsson
Karl Olsson
Division of Clinical Physiology, Department of Laboratory Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden
Unit of Clinical Physiology, Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden
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Unit of Clinical Physiology, Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden
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Lena Ekström
Lena Ekström
Division of Clinical Pharmacology, Department of Laboratory Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
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Peter Bergman
Peter Bergman
Division of Clinical Microbiology, Department of Laboratory Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
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Mikael Altun
Mikael Altun
Division of Clinical Physiology, Department of Laboratory Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden
Unit of Clinical Physiology, Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden
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Unit of Clinical Physiology, Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden
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Eric Rullman
Eric Rullman
Division of Clinical Physiology, Department of Laboratory Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden
Unit of Clinical Physiology, Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden
Unit of Cardiology, Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden
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Unit of Clinical Physiology, Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden
Unit of Cardiology, Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden
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Thomas Gustafsson
Thomas Gustafsson
Division of Clinical Physiology, Department of Laboratory Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden
Unit of Clinical Physiology, Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden
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Unit of Clinical Physiology, Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden
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Introduction Adequate vitamin D concentrations play a key role in skeletal health. Although there is no agreement on optimal plasma levels of vitamin D, it is apparent that blood precursor/pre-hormone 25-hydroxyvitamin D (25(OH)D) levels are
Gabriella Oliveira Lima
Gabriella Oliveira Lima
Laboratory of Pharmacology and Toxicology of Natural Products, Institute of Biological Sciences, Federal University of Pará, Belém, Pará, Brazil
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Alex Luiz Menezes da Silva
Alex Luiz Menezes da Silva
Laboratory of Pharmacology and Toxicology of Natural Products, Institute of Biological Sciences, Federal University of Pará, Belém, Pará, Brazil
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Julianne Elba Cunha Azevedo
Julianne Elba Cunha Azevedo
Laboratory of Pharmacology and Toxicology of Natural Products, Institute of Biological Sciences, Federal University of Pará, Belém, Pará, Brazil
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Chirlene Pinheiro Nascimento
Chirlene Pinheiro Nascimento
Laboratory of Pharmacology and Toxicology of Natural Products, Institute of Biological Sciences, Federal University of Pará, Belém, Pará, Brazil
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Luana Rodrigues Vieira
Luana Rodrigues Vieira
Laboratory of Pharmacology and Toxicology of Natural Products, Institute of Biological Sciences, Federal University of Pará, Belém, Pará, Brazil
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Akira Otake Hamoy
Akira Otake Hamoy
Laboratory of Pharmacology and Toxicology of Natural Products, Institute of Biological Sciences, Federal University of Pará, Belém, Pará, Brazil
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Luan Oliveira Ferreira
Luan Oliveira Ferreira
Laboratory of Experimental Neuropathology, Institute of Biological Sciences, Federal University of Pará, Belém, Pará, Brazil
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Verônica Regina Lobato Oliveira Bahia
Verônica Regina Lobato Oliveira Bahia
Multidisciplinary Laboratory of Animal Morphology, Institute of Biological Sciences, Federal University of Pará, Belém, Pará, Brazil
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Nilton Akio Muto
Nilton Akio Muto
Amazon Bioactive Compounds Valorization Center, Institute of Biological Sciences, Federal University of Pará, Belém, Pará, Brazil
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Dielly Catrina Favacho Lopes
Dielly Catrina Favacho Lopes
Laboratory of Experimental Neuropathology, Institute of Biological Sciences, Federal University of Pará, Belém, Pará, Brazil
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Moisés Hamoy
Moisés Hamoy
Laboratory of Pharmacology and Toxicology of Natural Products, Institute of Biological Sciences, Federal University of Pará, Belém, Pará, Brazil
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Introduction Vitamin D is an important pro-hormone that plays a key role in preserving the skeletal system, serum calcium levels and playing important roles in the cardiovascular system, central nervous system (CNS) and cancer prevention ( 1
