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Introduction Type 1 diabetes (DM1) is a complex disease characterized by the autoimmune destruction of pancreatic β cells. Vitamin D is an immune regulatory hormone that exerts its effects through highly polymorphic VDR that belongs to
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epidemiological reports show that higher levels of vitamin D3 are associated with a lower risk of developing cancer ( 3 ). The active form of vitamin D3, 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3 (1,25D) exerts antitumor activity by binding to the vitamin D receptor ( VDR ). The
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an important contributing factor to the development of postmenopausal osteoporosis ( 6 , 7 ). Considering that the action of vitamin D, one of the most crucial modulating factor of bone metabolism, is mediated by the vitamin D receptor (VDR), it is
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Department of Health & Life Sciences, Charles R. Drew University of Medicine and Science, Los Angeles, California, USA
Department of Medicine, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, Los Angeles, California, USA
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Department of Health & Life Sciences, Charles R. Drew University of Medicine and Science, Los Angeles, California, USA
Department of Medicine, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, Los Angeles, California, USA
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level there is also evidence of VDR expression and direct effects of vitamin D on human skeletal muscle precursor cells ( 7 ), which provides a rationale for a direct role of vitamin D in muscle function. Furthermore, mice lacking VDR show an abnormal
Unit of Clinical Physiology, Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden
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Unit of Clinical Physiology, Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden
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receptor (VDR). A heterodimer, formed with retinoid X receptor (RXR), then binds specific genomic sequences (vitamin D response elements or VDREs) acting to influence gene transcription ( 13 ). VDREs have been found in several hundred genes that are
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occurs via two pathways: non-genomic and genomic responses, both of which involve binding of 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D (1,25(OH)2D), the active metabolite of vitamin D and the vitamin D receptor (VDR), a member of the superfamily of nuclear receptor for
School of Nursing, Institute of Clinical Sciences, University of Birmingham, Edgbaston, Birmingham, UK
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-hydroxylase), with this activity occurring primarily in the proximal tubules of the kidney under positive and negative control by parathyroid hormone (PTH) and fibroblast growth factor 23 (FGF23) respectively. Binding to its cognate nuclear vitamin D receptor (VDR
Eli and Edythe Broad Center for Regeneration Medicine and Stem Cell Research, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, California, USA
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Eli and Edythe Broad Center for Regeneration Medicine and Stem Cell Research, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, California, USA
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Eli and Edythe Broad Center for Regeneration Medicine and Stem Cell Research, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, California, USA
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’s cognate receptor is vitamin D receptor (VDR) a ligand-dependent member of the nuclear receptor superfamily ( 35 , 38 ). Upon binding of vitamin D, VDR regulates transcription and cellular pathways by binding to vitamin D response elements located in the
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renal expression of 24-hydroxylase ( 2 ). The bioactive 1,25(OH) 2 D 3 interacts with the high-affinity vitamin D receptor (VDR) to exert its functions ( 3 ). VDR forms a heterodimer with the retinoid receptor to induce the transcription of vitamin D
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witnessed the exciting realization that vitamin D has its own set of dedicated specialized machinery consisting of transport proteins, metabolic enzymes and vitamin D receptor (VDR) to mediate the actions of vitamin D, not only in bone but also in many other