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and genetic causes of rickets have become a major factor ( 1 ). Despite abundant exposure to sunshine in Saudi Arabia, rickets remains predominant and a major public health problem in the population ( 2 ). A cross-sectional study of 2110 Saudi children
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Department of Medical Laboratory Technology, Faculty of Applied Medical Sciences, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia
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Department of Medical Laboratory Technology, Faculty of Applied Medical Sciences, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia
Centre for Innovation in Personalized Medicine, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia
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-ethnic (white Middle Eastern and black African) postmenopausal women living in western Saudi Arabia where vitamin D deficiency is an extremely prevalent issue despite a high level of sunlight. Methods Subjects and study design This is a cross
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cancer, among females in Saudi Arabia, with a significantly higher incidence rate when compared to other countries, such as the USA ( 2 , 3 ). Amongst the different subtypes, papillary thyroid cancer (PTC) is the most common and accounts for 80–90% of
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Center of Innovation in Personalized Medicine, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia
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North American (ENA) KS- and high-grade SCA patient-derived induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs) ( 10 , 11 , 12 , 13 , 14 , 15 ). Here, we present the first iPSC-based disease-modeling study performed on KS patients from Saudi Arabia. Saudi Arabia
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significantly in recent years ( 3 , 4 ). In Saudi Arabia, PTC is very common among females and ranks second after breast cancer ( 5 ). Although PTC has a favorable outcome, 3–10% of patients demonstrated recurrent disease within the first decade after treatment
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stable on standard doses of ACD, though had already developed signs of nephrocalcinosis. He presented to a tertiary hospital in Saudi Arabia with viral gastroenteritis and subsequent hypocalcaemic seizures. This necessitated increase in doses of ACD up to
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Department of Clinical Nutrition, Faculty of Applied Medical Sciences, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia
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funding from FAO and WHO. R A is supported by a PhD studentship from King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia. L E R acknowledges support of the NIHR Manchester Biomedical Research Centre. Acknowledgements FAO and WHO provided technical
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The growth hormone (GH)–insulin-like growth factor (IGF)-I axis is a key endocrine mechanism regulating linear growth in children. While paediatricians have a good knowledge of GH secretion and assessment, understanding and use of measurements of the components of the IGF system are less current in clinical practice. The physiological function of this axis is to increase the anabolic cellular processes of protein synthesis and mitosis, and reduction of apoptosis, with each being regulated in the appropriate target tissue. Measurement of serum IGF-I and IGF-binding protein (IGFBP)-3 concentrations can complement assessment of GH status in the investigation of short stature and contribute to prediction of growth response during GH therapy. IGF-I monitoring during GH therapy also informs the clinician about adherence and provides a safety reference to avoid over-dosing during long-term management.
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Primary hyperparathyroidism has emerged as a prevalent endocrine disorder in clinical settings, necessitating in most cases, surgical intervention for the removal of the diseased gland. This condition is characterised by overactivity of the parathyroid glands, resulting in excessive parathyroid hormone production and subsequent disturbances in calcium homeostasis. The primary mode of management is surgical treatment, relying on the accurate localisation of the pathological parathyroid gland. Precise identification is paramount to ensuring that the surgical intervention effectively targets and removes the diseased gland, alleviating the hyperfunctioning state. However, localising the gland becomes challenging, as discrepancies between the clinical manifestation of active parathyroid and radiological identification are common. Based on our current knowledge, to date, no comprehensive review has been conducted that considers all factors collectively. This comprehensive review delves into the factors contributing to false-negative 99mTc-sestamibi scans. Our research involved an exhaustive search in the PubMed database for hyperparathyroidism, with the identified literature meticulously filtered and reviewed by the authors. The results highlighted various factors, including multiple parathyroid diseases, nodular goitre, mild disease, or the presence of an ectopic gland that causes discordance. Hence, a thorough consideration of these factors is crucial during the diagnostic workup of hyperparathyroidism. Employing intraoperative PTH assays can significantly contribute to a successful cure of the disease, thereby providing a more comprehensive approach to managing this prevalent endocrine disorder.
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This study aimed to evaluate the evolving trends in clinicopathological features of pancreatic neuroendocrine tumors and to analyze the predictors of recurrence after curative resection. Data collected retrospectively from a single center between January 1990 and December 2017 were analyzed. Patients were categorized chronologically into three groups for evolving time-trend analysis. Overall, 542 patients (300 female, 55.4%) underwent surgical resection for pancreatic neuroendocrine tumors, including 435 (80.3%) with non-functional tumors. Time-trend analysis revealed that the surgically resected pancreatic neuroendocrine tumor number increased consistently; however, the incidental non-functional pancreatic neuroendocrine tumor number also increased over time (P < 0.001). The 5- and 10-year disease-free survival rates were 86.4 and 81.3%, respectively. The overall recurrence rate was 13.7%, and the most common site of recurrence was the liver. The median time to recurrence after primary surgery was 19.0 (range 0.8–236.3) months, and the median survival time after recurrence was 22.6 (range 0.4–126.9) months. On multivariate analysis, grade G3 pancreatic neuroendocrine tumors (hazard ratio 4.51; P < 0.001), lymph node metastasis (hazard ratio 2.46; P = 0.009), lymphovascular invasion (hazard ratio 3.62; P = 0.004), perineural invasion (hazard ratio 2.61; P = 0.004) and resection margin (hazard ratio 4.20; P = 0.003) were independent prognostic factors of disease-free survival. The surgically resected pancreatic neuroendocrine tumor number increased over time mainly because of an increase in incidentally discovered non-functional pancreatic neuroendocrine tumors. Grade G3 pancreatic neuroendocrine tumors, lymph node metastasis, lymphovascular invasion, perineural invasion and a positive resection margin were significant predictors of worse disease-free survival in patients with surgically resected pancreatic neuroendocrine tumors.
