Tiina Vesterinen
Tiina Vesterinen
HUSLAB, Department of Pathology, University of Helsinki and Helsinki University Hospital, Helsinki, Finland
Institute for Molecular Medicine Finland (FIMM), Helsinki Institute of Life Science, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
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Institute for Molecular Medicine Finland (FIMM), Helsinki Institute of Life Science, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
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Teijo Kuopio
Teijo Kuopio
Department of Biological and Environmental Science, University of Jyväskylä and Department of Pathology, Central Finland Health Care District, Jyväskylä, Finland
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Maarit Ahtiainen
Maarit Ahtiainen
Department of Education and Research, Central Finland Central Hospital, Jyväskylä, Finland
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Aija Knuuttila
Aija Knuuttila
Department of Pulmonary Medicine, Heart and Lung Center, and Cancer Center, University of Helsinki and Helsinki University Hospital, Helsinki, Finland
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Harri Mustonen
Harri Mustonen
Department of Surgery, University of Helsinki and Helsinki University Hospital, Helsinki, Finland
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Kaisa Salmenkivi
Kaisa Salmenkivi
HUSLAB, Department of Pathology, University of Helsinki and Helsinki University Hospital, Helsinki, Finland
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Johanna Arola
Johanna Arola
HUSLAB, Department of Pathology, University of Helsinki and Helsinki University Hospital, Helsinki, Finland
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Caj Haglund
Caj Haglund
Department of Surgery, University of Helsinki and Helsinki University Hospital, Helsinki, Finland
Translational Cancer Medicine Program, Faculty of Medicine, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
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Translational Cancer Medicine Program, Faculty of Medicine, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
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), which interacts with programmed death ligand 1 (PD-L1) expressed for example on the surface of various tumor cells and antigen-presenting cells ( 11 ). This interaction of PD-1 and PD-L1 inhibits an antitumor immune response in the tumor microenvironment
Boju Pan
Boju Pan
Department of Pathology, Molecular Pathology Research Center, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
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Anqi Wang
Anqi Wang
Clinical Biobank, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
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Junyi Pang
Junyi Pang
Department of Pathology, Molecular Pathology Research Center, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
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Yuhan Zhang
Yuhan Zhang
Department of Pathology, Molecular Pathology Research Center, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
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Ming Cui
Ming Cui
Department of General Surgery, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
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Jian Sun
Jian Sun
Department of Pathology, Molecular Pathology Research Center, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
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Zhiyong Liang
Zhiyong Liang
Department of Pathology, Molecular Pathology Research Center, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
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Introduction Programmed death-1 (PD-1) and its ligand PD-L1 have been described as key regulators of T cell responses, and the interaction between PD-1 on T-cells and PD-L1 on cancer cells provides a mechanism for cancer cells to evade proper
Erik Rösner
Erik Rösner
Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Jena University Hospital, Jena, Germany
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Daniel Kaemmerer
Daniel Kaemmerer
Department of General and Visceral Surgery, Zentralklinik Bad Berka, Bad Berka, Germany
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Elisa Neubauer
Elisa Neubauer
Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Jena University Hospital, Jena, Germany
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Jörg Sänger
Jörg Sänger
Laboratory of Pathology and Cytology Bad Berka, Bad Berka, Germany
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Amelie Lupp
Amelie Lupp
Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Jena University Hospital, Jena, Germany
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protein 1 (PD-1) and its ligand, programmed death ligand 1 (PD-L1), has emerged as a promising treatment strategy for several tumour types. PD-1 is expressed on B and T lymphocytes, as well as on myeloid cells, and acts as a costimulatory factor leading to
Marra Jai Aghajani
Marra Jai Aghajani
Ingham Institute for Applied Medical Research, Liverpool, New South Wales, Australia
School of Medicine, Western Sydney University, Campbelltown, New South Wales, Australia
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School of Medicine, Western Sydney University, Campbelltown, New South Wales, Australia
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Tara Laurine Roberts
Tara Laurine Roberts
Ingham Institute for Applied Medical Research, Liverpool, New South Wales, Australia
School of Medicine, Western Sydney University, Campbelltown, New South Wales, Australia
South West Sydney Clinical School, UNSW Sydney, Sydney, Australia
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School of Medicine, Western Sydney University, Campbelltown, New South Wales, Australia
South West Sydney Clinical School, UNSW Sydney, Sydney, Australia
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Tao Yang
Tao Yang
School of Medicine, Western Sydney University, Campbelltown, New South Wales, Australia
Saint Vincent’s Clinical School, UNSW Sydney, Sydney, Australia
SydPath, Saint Vincent’s Hospital, Sydney, Australia
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Saint Vincent’s Clinical School, UNSW Sydney, Sydney, Australia
SydPath, Saint Vincent’s Hospital, Sydney, Australia
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Charles Eugenio McCafferty
Charles Eugenio McCafferty
Ingham Institute for Applied Medical Research, Liverpool, New South Wales, Australia
School of Medicine, Western Sydney University, Campbelltown, New South Wales, Australia
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School of Medicine, Western Sydney University, Campbelltown, New South Wales, Australia
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Nicole J Caixeiro
Nicole J Caixeiro
Ingham Institute for Applied Medical Research, Liverpool, New South Wales, Australia
School of Medicine, Western Sydney University, Campbelltown, New South Wales, Australia
Centre for Oncology Education and Research Translation (CONCERT), Liverpool, New South Wales, Australia
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School of Medicine, Western Sydney University, Campbelltown, New South Wales, Australia
Centre for Oncology Education and Research Translation (CONCERT), Liverpool, New South Wales, Australia
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Paul DeSouza
Paul DeSouza
Ingham Institute for Applied Medical Research, Liverpool, New South Wales, Australia
School of Medicine, Western Sydney University, Campbelltown, New South Wales, Australia
South West Sydney Clinical School, UNSW Sydney, Sydney, Australia
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School of Medicine, Western Sydney University, Campbelltown, New South Wales, Australia
South West Sydney Clinical School, UNSW Sydney, Sydney, Australia
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Navin Niles
Navin Niles
Ingham Institute for Applied Medical Research, Liverpool, New South Wales, Australia
School of Medicine, Western Sydney University, Campbelltown, New South Wales, Australia
Department of Head & Neck Surgery, Liverpool Hospital, Liverpool, New South Wales, Australia
Department of Clinical Medicine, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Macquarie University, Sydney, Australia
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School of Medicine, Western Sydney University, Campbelltown, New South Wales, Australia
Department of Head & Neck Surgery, Liverpool Hospital, Liverpool, New South Wales, Australia
Department of Clinical Medicine, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Macquarie University, Sydney, Australia
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activated T, B and natural killer (NK) cells ( 6 ). PD-1 interacts with two ligands, programmed cell death-ligand 1 (PD-L1/B7H1/CD274) and programmed cell death-ligand 2 (PD-L2/B7DC/CD273) ( 7 ). PD-L1 is expressed on specific tumour and immune cells
Marra Jai Aghajani
Marra Jai Aghajani
Ingham Institute for Applied Medical Research, Liverpool, New South Wales, Australia
School of Medicine, Western Sydney University, Campbelltown, New South Wales, Australia
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School of Medicine, Western Sydney University, Campbelltown, New South Wales, Australia
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Tao Yang
Tao Yang
School of Medicine, Western Sydney University, Campbelltown, New South Wales, Australia
Saint Vincent’s Clinical School, UNSW Sydney, Sydney, Australia
SydPath, Saint Vincent’s Hospital, Sydney, Australia
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Saint Vincent’s Clinical School, UNSW Sydney, Sydney, Australia
SydPath, Saint Vincent’s Hospital, Sydney, Australia
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Ulf Schmitz
Ulf Schmitz
Computational BioMedicine Laboratory Centenary Institute, The University of Sydney, Camperdown, New South Wales, Australia
Gene & Stem Cell Therapy Program Centenary Institute, The University of Sydney, Camperdown, New South Wales, Australia
Faculty of Medicine & Health, The University of Sydney, Camperdown, New South Wales, Australia
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Gene & Stem Cell Therapy Program Centenary Institute, The University of Sydney, Camperdown, New South Wales, Australia
Faculty of Medicine & Health, The University of Sydney, Camperdown, New South Wales, Australia
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Alexander James
Alexander James
Ingham Institute for Applied Medical Research, Liverpool, New South Wales, Australia
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Charles Eugenio McCafferty
Charles Eugenio McCafferty
Ingham Institute for Applied Medical Research, Liverpool, New South Wales, Australia
School of Medicine, Western Sydney University, Campbelltown, New South Wales, Australia
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School of Medicine, Western Sydney University, Campbelltown, New South Wales, Australia
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Paul de Souza
Paul de Souza
Ingham Institute for Applied Medical Research, Liverpool, New South Wales, Australia
School of Medicine, Western Sydney University, Campbelltown, New South Wales, Australia
School of Medicine, University of Wollongong, New South Wales, Australia
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School of Medicine, Western Sydney University, Campbelltown, New South Wales, Australia
School of Medicine, University of Wollongong, New South Wales, Australia
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Navin Niles
Navin Niles
Ingham Institute for Applied Medical Research, Liverpool, New South Wales, Australia
School of Medicine, Western Sydney University, Campbelltown, New South Wales, Australia
Department of Head & Neck Surgery, Liverpool Hospital, Liverpool, New South Wales, Australia
Department of Clinical Medicine, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Macquarie University, Sydney, Australia
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School of Medicine, Western Sydney University, Campbelltown, New South Wales, Australia
Department of Head & Neck Surgery, Liverpool Hospital, Liverpool, New South Wales, Australia
Department of Clinical Medicine, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Macquarie University, Sydney, Australia
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Tara L Roberts
Tara L Roberts
Ingham Institute for Applied Medical Research, Liverpool, New South Wales, Australia
School of Medicine, Western Sydney University, Campbelltown, New South Wales, Australia
South West Sydney Clinical School, UNSW Sydney, Sydney, Australia
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School of Medicine, Western Sydney University, Campbelltown, New South Wales, Australia
South West Sydney Clinical School, UNSW Sydney, Sydney, Australia
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role in the regulation of peripheral tolerance ( 9 ). Two PD‐1 binding ligands have been identified; programmed death ligand 1 (PD‐L1) and programmed death ligand 2 (PD‐L2) ( 9 ). PD‐L1 is expressed by various human tumours and, following binding to PD
Maria Stelmachowska-Banaś
Maria Stelmachowska-Banaś
Department of Endocrinology, The Centre of Postgraduate Medical Education, Warsaw, Polska, Poland
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Izabella Czajka-Oraniec
Izabella Czajka-Oraniec
Department of Endocrinology, The Centre of Postgraduate Medical Education, Warsaw, Polska, Poland
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(PD-L1) (atezolizumab, avelumab), resulting in T-cell activation and anti-tumor activity. However, immune checkpoints also play a crucial role in maintaining immunological self-tolerance and preventing autoimmune disorders. Interfering with this
Jaafar Jaafar
Jaafar Jaafar
Division of Endocrinology and Diabetology, Geneva University Hospitals and Faculty of Medicine, Geneva, Switzerland
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Eugenio Fernandez
Eugenio Fernandez
Department of Oncology, Geneva University Hospitals and Faculty of Medicine, Geneva, Switzerland
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Heba Alwan
Heba Alwan
Division of Endocrinology and Diabetology, Geneva University Hospitals and Faculty of Medicine, Geneva, Switzerland
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Jacques Philippe
Jacques Philippe
Division of Endocrinology and Diabetology, Geneva University Hospitals and Faculty of Medicine, Geneva, Switzerland
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-1 antibodies (PD-1 Ab) and its ligand programmed cell death ligand 1 antibodies (PD-L1 Ab), has undoubtedly been proven in the management of several advanced cancers, namely melanoma, non-small cell lung cancers (NSCLC), urothelial cancers, head and
Zhaoxiang Liu
Zhaoxiang Liu
Department of Endocrinology, Beijing Tsinghua Changgung Hospital, School of Clinical Medicine, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China
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Mingqiang Zhang
Mingqiang Zhang
Department of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, Beijing Tsinghua Changgung Hospital, School of Clinical Medicine, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China
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Xiaohu Shi
Xiaohu Shi
Department of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Peking Union Medical College, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
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Wenhui Zhao
Wenhui Zhao
Department of Endocrinology, Beijing Tsinghua Changgung Hospital, School of Clinical Medicine, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China
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Chenxiang Cao
Chenxiang Cao
Department of Endocrinology, Beijing Tsinghua Changgung Hospital, School of Clinical Medicine, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China
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Lixia Jin
Lixia Jin
Department of Endocrinology, Beijing Tsinghua Changgung Hospital, School of Clinical Medicine, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China
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Yanlei Wang
Yanlei Wang
Department of Endocrinology, Beijing Tsinghua Changgung Hospital, School of Clinical Medicine, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China
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Jianzhong Xiao
Jianzhong Xiao
Department of Endocrinology, Beijing Tsinghua Changgung Hospital, School of Clinical Medicine, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China
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(PD-1) ( 8 ). It has been reported that programmed cell death ligand 1 (PD-L1) and programmed cell death ligand 2 (PD-L2) expressed on MDSCs play a critical suppressive role on T cells ( 9 ). The PD-1/PD-L1 or PD-L2 axis is also involved in Treg
Qiuli Liu
Qiuli Liu
Department of Urology, Institute of Surgery Research, Daping Hospital, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing, People’s Republic of China
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Lin-ang Wang
Lin-ang Wang
Department of Urology, Institute of Surgery Research, Daping Hospital, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing, People’s Republic of China
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Jian Su
Jian Su
Department of Urology, Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing University of Traditional Chinese Medical, Nanjing, People’s Republic of China
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Dali Tong
Dali Tong
Department of Urology, Institute of Surgery Research, Daping Hospital, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing, People’s Republic of China
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Weihua Lan
Weihua Lan
Department of Urology, Institute of Surgery Research, Daping Hospital, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing, People’s Republic of China
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Luofu Wang
Luofu Wang
Department of Urology, Institute of Surgery Research, Daping Hospital, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing, People’s Republic of China
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Gaolei Liu
Gaolei Liu
Department of Urology, Institute of Surgery Research, Daping Hospital, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing, People’s Republic of China
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Jun Zhang
Jun Zhang
Department of Obstetrics, Third Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, People’s Republic of China
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Victor Wei Zhang
Victor Wei Zhang
Department of Molecular and Human Genetics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas, USA
AmCare Genomics Lab, Guangzhou, People’s Republic of China
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AmCare Genomics Lab, Guangzhou, People’s Republic of China
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Dianzheng Zhang
Dianzheng Zhang
Department of Bio-Medical Sciences, Philadelphia College of Osteopathic Medicine, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
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Rongrong Chen
Rongrong Chen
Geneplus-Beijing Institute, Beijing, People’s Republic of China
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Qingyi Zhu
Qingyi Zhu
Department of Urology, Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing University of Traditional Chinese Medical, Nanjing, People’s Republic of China
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Jun Jiang
Jun Jiang
Department of Urology, Institute of Surgery Research, Daping Hospital, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing, People’s Republic of China
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mutation, consisting of c.1118A>T, p.H373L, and c.1459_1467del9, p.D487_F489del in the CYP17A1 gene ( Fig. 2B ). Sanger sequencing was conducted on the family members, and the patient’s two sisters were found to have the same compound heterozygous
Shih-Rong Lin
Shih-Rong Lin
Institute of Medical Sciences, Tzu Chi University, Hualien, Taiwan
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Shih-Fen Chen
Shih-Fen Chen
Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Hualien Tzu Chi Hospital, Buddhist Tzu Chi Medical Foundation, Hualien, Taiwan
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Yu-Cih Yang
Yu-Cih Yang
Management Office for Health Data, China Medical University Hospital, Taichung, Taiwan
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Chung-Y Hsu
Chung-Y Hsu
Graduate Institute of Clinical Medical Science, China Medical University, Taichung, Taiwan
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Yu-Chih Shen
Yu-Chih Shen
Institute of Medical Sciences, Tzu Chi University, Hualien, Taiwan
Department of Psychiatry, Hualien Tzu Chi Hospital, Buddhist Tzu Chi Medical Foundation, Hualien, Taiwan
School of Medicine, Tzu Chi University, Hualien, Taiwan
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Department of Psychiatry, Hualien Tzu Chi Hospital, Buddhist Tzu Chi Medical Foundation, Hualien, Taiwan
School of Medicine, Tzu Chi University, Hualien, Taiwan
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( 4 ). Epidemiological evidence has suggested a link between hyperthyroidism and incident PD. A nationwide population-based cohort study in Sweden that followed 34,735 patients with Graves’ disease/hyperthyroidism has reported a 1.42-fold increased
